Jamaican Creole

 26 February 03:51   Jamaican Creole, aswell accepted to foreigners as Patois/Patwa or artlessly Jamaican, is an English/African-based language—not to be abashed with Jamaican English nor with the Rastafarian use of English—used primarily on the island of Jamaica. Jamaican is the brood of a 17th aeon creolization action which, artlessly put, consisted of West and Axial Africans accepting and nativizing the colloquial and chatty British Englishes (including cogent acknowledgment to Irish and Scottish varieties), with which their affected labour brought them in contact. Of advance it haveto be accepted that all languages are acquired from usually added than one already absolute language. In the faculty that Italian, Catalan, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are all acquired from Latin, no one would alarm any of these languages Latin creole or Patois. Avant-garde day Jamaican creole is what is alleged a linguistic continuum in linguistics terms. That is, there is no cut-and-dry analysis amid the accepted accent (the acrolect) and the alotof divergent, rural anatomy (the basilect). The average anatomy is alleged the mesolect.

    Significant Jamaican-speaking communities is apartof Jamaican expatriates in Miami, New York City, Toronto, Washington D.C., Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama (in the Caribbean coast), and London. There is aswell a actual similar, mutually apprehensible array begin in San Andres Islands, Colombia, brought to the island by decendants of Jamaican maroons in the 18th century. Jamaican creole exists mostly as a announced language. Although accepted British English is acclimated for alotof autograph in Jamaica, Jamaican has been accepting arena as a arcane accent for about a hundred years. Claude McKay appear his book of Jamaican balladry Songs of Jamaica in 1912.

    Jamaican accentuation and cant are decidedly altered from alotof additional English dialects, admitting abundant acceptance of English words or derivatives. It is to the point area a built-in apostle of a non-Caribbean English accent can alone accept a heavily absolute Jamaican apostle if they allocution boring and abandon the use of the abundant idioms that are accepted in Jamaican.

    This is due to the actuality that some Jamaican words accept their agent in assorted African languages and the accent syntax is mostly acquired from the assorted African languages. Pluralisation of nouns is done by either prepending a cardinal—de 5 bud = the 5 birds—or by appending the plural indicator, dem—de bud dem = the birds. Similarly, verb close is defined using prepended close indicators—mi swim, mi a go swim, mi beh~ swim, mi a fi swim, etc.

    Interest in Jamaican ability alfresco of Jamaica was acute by the admeasurement of the Rastafari movement and reggae and ska music throughout the apple alpha in the 1960s.

    The pronominal arrangement of Accepted English has a four-way acumen of person, singular/plural, gender and nominative/objective. Some varieties of Jamaican Creole do not accept the gender or nominative/objective distinction, admitting alotof do; but usefully, it does analyze amid the additional being atypical and plural (you).

    To anatomy the careful adjectives and the careful pronouns, artlessly add fi- to the pronouns above. Note, though, that alotof varieties of Jamaican Creole use alone the nominative/objective pronouns in abode of these careful variants, which are acclimated for emphasis.

    Often, fi- is acclimated in foreground of nouns, to announce control (replacing s).

    e.g. a fi-Anne daag dat, that is Annes dog.

    Naturally, Jamaican Creole contains some words adopted from English as able-bodied as from Spanish, Portuguese, Hindustani, and African languages. Examples of such words cover duppy acceptation apparition from Twi adope, id; pickney/pickiney acceptation adolescent (taken from an beforehand anatomy piccaninny and ultimately adopted from Portuguese pequeno); obeah (also from Twi) apropos to a blazon of spell-casting, allure or abracadabra built-in to Africa (and aswell acclimated as a accepted dupe for accepted woes); and even seh acceptation that (in the faculty of he told me that = im tel mi seh) and taken from a west African dialect. Words from Hindustani cover nuh, ganja (marijuana), and janga (crayfish).

    The tense/aspect arrangement of Jamaican Creole is fundamentally clashing that of English. There are no morphological apparent accomplished close forms agnate to English -ed -t. There are 2 preverbial particles: en and a. These are not verbs, they are artlessly invariant particles which cannot angle abandoned like the English ‘to be’. Their functions differs aswell from the English

    

    There are no morphological apparent accomplished close forms agnate to English -ed -t.

    Characteristic appearance cover the absence of (as in British English got), which fell calm with , as in alotof US Englishes. Jamaican Creole developed two palatal plosives, namely and , they acquire from English palatal allophones of and . Due to African influences, and are now phonemes in Jamaican Creole. Furthermore, Jamaican Creole has no (as in Accepted English thing) phoneme; fell calm with . Additional appearance of some Jamaican dialects include:

    Because of its cachet as non-standard, there is no accepted or official way of autograph Jamaican Creole; (for archetype the chat there can be accounting de, deh or dere; and the chat for three is alotof frequently spelt tree, but it can be spelt tri or trii to analyze it from the noun tree). Often, Accepted English spellings are acclimated even if words are arresting differently. At additional times though, a spelling has become boundless even admitting it is neither phonetic nor accepted (eg. pickney = child; in this case the spelling pikni would be added phonetic).

    (Note that bifold negatives in Jamaican Creole are acclimated as intensifiers)