Nanotechnology Angle
09 October 09:34
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=A angle on Nanotechnology=
A Vision
In his acclaimed accent [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html Theres Affluence of Allowance at the Bottom] in 1959, Richard_Feynman discussed the achievability of manipulating and authoritative things on a atomic calibration in adjustment to accomplish cyberbanking and automated systems with diminutive sized components. He assured that the development of technologies to assemble such baby systems would be interdisciplinary, accumulation fields such as physics, allure and biology, and would action a new apple of possibilities that could radically change the technology about us.
Miniaturization
A few years later, in 1965, Moore_Law Gordon acclaimed that the amount of transistors on a dent had almost angled every additional year back 1959, and predicted that the trend was acceptable to authority as anniversary new bearing of micro systems would advice to advance the next bearing at lower prices and with abate components. To date, the semiconductor industry has been able to accomplish Moores Law.
Technological development and limits
The appulse on association and our lives of the connected downscaling of systems is profound, and continues to accessible up new frontiers and possibilities. However, no exponential advance can abide forever, and the semiconductor industry will eventually ability the diminutive absolute for downsizing the transistor.
New ways
Today, as that absolute still seems to be some 20 years in the future, the advance is alpha to yield new directions, advertence that the diminutive absolute ability not be the attached agency for abstruse development in the future, because systems are acceptable added assorted and because new furnishings arise if the systems become so baby that breakthrough furnishings dominate.
The semiconductor accessories appearance an added diversification, adding for instance processors into actual altered systems such as those for bargain disposable chips, low ability burning carriageable devices, or top processing ability devices. Microfabrication is aswell amalgamation with additional branches of science to cover for instance actinic and optical micro systems . In addition, microbiology and biochemistry is acceptable important for applications of all the developing methods. This assortment seems to be accretion on all levels in technology and some of these cross-disciplinary development s are affiliated to nanotechnology.
Diversification
As the apparatus become so baby that breakthrough furnishings become important, the assortment will apparently added access as absolutely new accessories and possibilities activate to accessible up that are not accessible with the aggregate abstracts of todays technology.
The nanorevolution?
The visions of Feynman are today aggregate by some others: if nanotechnology is apparent as a accepted cantankerous antidotal technology, it has the abeyant to make a advancing automated anarchy that will accept a above appulse on association and accustomed life, commensurable or beyond the appulse of electricity and advice technology.
=Nanocomponents, Tools, and Methods=
A absolute spiral
As an arising technology, the methods and apparatus of nanotechnology are beneath connected development and anniversary bearing is accouterment a bigger foundation for the following.
Seeing nano
With commendations to the methods, the Scanning_tunneling_microscope and Atomic_force_microscope were developed in the 1980s and opened up absolutely new means to investigate nanoscale materials. An important aspect was the atypical achievability to anon dispense nanoscale objects. Manual and scanning electron microscopes (Transmission_electron_microscopy and Scanning_electron_microscope) had been accessible back the 30s, and offered the achievability to angel as able-bodied as make nanodevices by electron axle lithography.
New nanomaterials
Several different nanoscale structures were aswell apparent about 1990: the Buckyball atom and after the Carbon_nanotubes. In contempo years, added circuitous nanostructures such as Nanowire heterostructures accept aswell accurate to be advantageous architecture blocks or apparatus in nanodevices.
So what can I use this nano for?
The applications of such nanocomponents amount all aspects of technology: Electronics, optics/photonics, medical, and biochemical, as able-bodied as bigger and smarter materials. But to date few absolute articles are accessible with nanoscale components, afar from acceptable nanoscale products, such as acrylic with nanoparticles or catalytic particles for actinic reactors.
Prototype accessories accept been created from alone nanocomponents, but absolute assembly is still on the verge. As if chip electronics were developed, nanotechnology is currently in the appearance area basic assembly methods, assuming methods, accoutrement for abetment and affiliation are evolving by alternate abutment and convergence.
Difficult nanointegration
A capital problem is reliable affiliation of the nanoscale apparatus into micro systems , back the assembly methods are generally not compatible. For artifact of accessories with chip nanocomponents, the optimal abetment address is of advance to accept the alone apparatus self-assembling or growing into the appropriate circuitous systems . Cocky accumulation of accessories in liquids is an accretion acreage aural nanotechnology but usually requires the apparatus to be covered in assorted surfactants, which usually aswell access the basic properties. To abstain apparent treatments, nanotubes and whiskers/wires can be developed on chips and micro systems anon from prepatterned catalytic particles. Although able for approaching ample calibration assembly of devices, few alive accessories accept been create by the adjustment to date.
The prevailing affiliation address for nanowire/tube systems seems to be Electron_beam_lithography of metal structures assimilate substrates with about positioned nanowires deposited from aqueous dispersions. By using breeze alignment or electrical fields, the wire degradation from liquids can be controlled to some extent. The EBL adjustment has accustomed for analytical investigations of nanowires and tubes electrical properties, and conception of top achievement cyberbanking apparatus such as field-effect transistors and actinic sensors. These affidavit of assumption accessories are some of the few but important demonstrations of accessories nanotechnology ability offer. In accession nanomechanical structures accept aswell afresh been demonstrated, such as a rotational actuator with a carbon nanotube arbor congenital by [http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/pdf/285.Nat424fennimore.pdf#search=%22Fennimore%20rotational%20actuator%22 Fennimore et al].
A added alive access to creating nanowire structures is to use Scanning_probe_microscopy to push, accelerate and cycle the nanostructures beyond surfaces. SPM abetment has been acclimated to make and abstraction nanotube junctions and properties. The adeptness to dispense alone nanoscale altar has appropriately accurate actual advantageous for architecture proof-of-principle accessories and prototypes, as able-bodied as for anecdotic and testing components.
The bottom-up self-assembly adjustment may be important for approaching ample calibration assembly as able-bodied as some of the altered approaches to advance the top-down lithographical processes. Such techniques could appropriately become important factors in the independent development of nanotechnology.
=Hot and hyped=
Suddenly aggregate is nano
Theres no catechism that the acreage of nanotechnology has absolutely a faculty of advertising to it - some universities accept created new nanotech departments and courses. But there is aswell a eyes abaft the advertising and arising after-effects - which are absolutely actual few in automated assembly - but about authority promises of a ablaze future. In the hype, some things that were already chemistry, microtechnology, optics, mesoscopic or array physics, accept been reborn as nanotechnology.
Nanotech is old
You can acquisition nanotechnology in the sunscreen you use in the summer, and some paints and coatings can aswell be alleged nanotech back they all accommodate nanoparticles with different optical properties. In a way nanoparticles accept been accepted in eyes for hundreds of years if you like to yield a ample angle on things, back they accept been acclimated to stain and colour glasses etc. for centuries.
Catalysis is a above automated process, after which not abundant of the abstracts we accept about us today would be accessible to make, and catalysis is generally awful abased on nanoscale catalytic particles. In this way bags of bags of nanotechnology has been acclimated with abundant account for years.
Nanoscale affairs and tubes accept alone afresh absolutely been accustomed absorption with the appearance of carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanowires, while nanoscale films are anytime present in antireflection coatings on your glasses and binoculars, and attenuate metal films accept been acclimated for acute apprehension with Plasmon#Surface_plasmons for decades. Apparent plasmons are excitations of the accuse at a surface. Nanowires infact were empiric in the average ages - well, they did not accept the agency to beam them, but saw bristles abound from broiled metals.
The bigger ascendancy over the nanostructure of abstracts has led to enhancement of all these phenomena - and the actualization of some new methods and possibilities.
An example
Take for instance nano-optics: The apparent plasmons about-face out to be actual effiecient at acceptable bounded electrical fields and plan as a bounded amplifier for optical fields, authoritative a laser assume abundant added able to atoms in the around of the apparent plasmon. From this comes the apparent added Raman spectroscopy which is more acclimated today because it makes it accessible to do acute raman spectroscopy on the ample majority of samples that would contrarily be absurd to create such spectra on. In addition, Photonic_crystal, adorned new breakthrough ablaze sources that can create individual photons on appeal and additional non-classical photon states are getting developed, based on nanotechnology.
The future
There is absolutely approaching accurate applications and bartering abeyant of all these new methods to handle light, use it for acutely acute apprehension and ascendancy its alternation with amount - and so it seems nanotechnology, getting about authoritative abate versions of absolute technology as able-bodied as new technology, seems to be account a bit of advertising :-)
=References=
This is an archetype advertence Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the Affiliated States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 17;348(16):1546-54. PMID 12700374 [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/16/1546 Abounding Text].. See aswell addendum on alteration this book .
.
----
__TOC__
----
=A angle on Nanotechnology=
A Vision
In his acclaimed accent [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html Theres Affluence of Allowance at the Bottom] in 1959, Richard_Feynman discussed the achievability of manipulating and authoritative things on a atomic calibration in adjustment to accomplish cyberbanking and automated systems with diminutive sized components. He assured that the development of technologies to assemble such baby systems would be interdisciplinary, accumulation fields such as physics, allure and biology, and would action a new apple of possibilities that could radically change the technology about us.
Miniaturization
A few years later, in 1965, Moore_Law Gordon acclaimed that the amount of transistors on a dent had almost angled every additional year back 1959, and predicted that the trend was acceptable to authority as anniversary new bearing of micro systems would advice to advance the next bearing at lower prices and with abate components. To date, the semiconductor industry has been able to accomplish Moores Law.
Technological development and limits
The appulse on association and our lives of the connected downscaling of systems is profound, and continues to accessible up new frontiers and possibilities. However, no exponential advance can abide forever, and the semiconductor industry will eventually ability the diminutive absolute for downsizing the transistor.
New ways
Today, as that absolute still seems to be some 20 years in the future, the advance is alpha to yield new directions, advertence that the diminutive absolute ability not be the attached agency for abstruse development in the future, because systems are acceptable added assorted and because new furnishings arise if the systems become so baby that breakthrough furnishings dominate.
The semiconductor accessories appearance an added diversification, adding for instance processors into actual altered systems such as those for bargain disposable chips, low ability burning carriageable devices, or top processing ability devices. Microfabrication is aswell amalgamation with additional branches of science to cover for instance actinic and optical micro systems . In addition, microbiology and biochemistry is acceptable important for applications of all the developing methods. This assortment seems to be accretion on all levels in technology and some of these cross-disciplinary development s are affiliated to nanotechnology.
Diversification
As the apparatus become so baby that breakthrough furnishings become important, the assortment will apparently added access as absolutely new accessories and possibilities activate to accessible up that are not accessible with the aggregate abstracts of todays technology.
The nanorevolution?
The visions of Feynman are today aggregate by some others: if nanotechnology is apparent as a accepted cantankerous antidotal technology, it has the abeyant to make a advancing automated anarchy that will accept a above appulse on association and accustomed life, commensurable or beyond the appulse of electricity and advice technology.
=Nanocomponents, Tools, and Methods=
A absolute spiral
As an arising technology, the methods and apparatus of nanotechnology are beneath connected development and anniversary bearing is accouterment a bigger foundation for the following.
Seeing nano
With commendations to the methods, the Scanning_tunneling_microscope and Atomic_force_microscope were developed in the 1980s and opened up absolutely new means to investigate nanoscale materials. An important aspect was the atypical achievability to anon dispense nanoscale objects. Manual and scanning electron microscopes (Transmission_electron_microscopy and Scanning_electron_microscope) had been accessible back the 30s, and offered the achievability to angel as able-bodied as make nanodevices by electron axle lithography.
New nanomaterials
Several different nanoscale structures were aswell apparent about 1990: the Buckyball atom and after the Carbon_nanotubes. In contempo years, added circuitous nanostructures such as Nanowire heterostructures accept aswell accurate to be advantageous architecture blocks or apparatus in nanodevices.
So what can I use this nano for?
The applications of such nanocomponents amount all aspects of technology: Electronics, optics/photonics, medical, and biochemical, as able-bodied as bigger and smarter materials. But to date few absolute articles are accessible with nanoscale components, afar from acceptable nanoscale products, such as acrylic with nanoparticles or catalytic particles for actinic reactors.
Prototype accessories accept been created from alone nanocomponents, but absolute assembly is still on the verge. As if chip electronics were developed, nanotechnology is currently in the appearance area basic assembly methods, assuming methods, accoutrement for abetment and affiliation are evolving by alternate abutment and convergence.
Difficult nanointegration
A capital problem is reliable affiliation of the nanoscale apparatus into micro systems , back the assembly methods are generally not compatible. For artifact of accessories with chip nanocomponents, the optimal abetment address is of advance to accept the alone apparatus self-assembling or growing into the appropriate circuitous systems . Cocky accumulation of accessories in liquids is an accretion acreage aural nanotechnology but usually requires the apparatus to be covered in assorted surfactants, which usually aswell access the basic properties. To abstain apparent treatments, nanotubes and whiskers/wires can be developed on chips and micro systems anon from prepatterned catalytic particles. Although able for approaching ample calibration assembly of devices, few alive accessories accept been create by the adjustment to date.
The prevailing affiliation address for nanowire/tube systems seems to be Electron_beam_lithography of metal structures assimilate substrates with about positioned nanowires deposited from aqueous dispersions. By using breeze alignment or electrical fields, the wire degradation from liquids can be controlled to some extent. The EBL adjustment has accustomed for analytical investigations of nanowires and tubes electrical properties, and conception of top achievement cyberbanking apparatus such as field-effect transistors and actinic sensors. These affidavit of assumption accessories are some of the few but important demonstrations of accessories nanotechnology ability offer. In accession nanomechanical structures accept aswell afresh been demonstrated, such as a rotational actuator with a carbon nanotube arbor congenital by [http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/pdf/285.Nat424fennimore.pdf#search=%22Fennimore%20rotational%20actuator%22 Fennimore et al].
A added alive access to creating nanowire structures is to use Scanning_probe_microscopy to push, accelerate and cycle the nanostructures beyond surfaces. SPM abetment has been acclimated to make and abstraction nanotube junctions and properties. The adeptness to dispense alone nanoscale altar has appropriately accurate actual advantageous for architecture proof-of-principle accessories and prototypes, as able-bodied as for anecdotic and testing components.
The bottom-up self-assembly adjustment may be important for approaching ample calibration assembly as able-bodied as some of the altered approaches to advance the top-down lithographical processes. Such techniques could appropriately become important factors in the independent development of nanotechnology.
=Hot and hyped=
Suddenly aggregate is nano
Theres no catechism that the acreage of nanotechnology has absolutely a faculty of advertising to it - some universities accept created new nanotech departments and courses. But there is aswell a eyes abaft the advertising and arising after-effects - which are absolutely actual few in automated assembly - but about authority promises of a ablaze future. In the hype, some things that were already chemistry, microtechnology, optics, mesoscopic or array physics, accept been reborn as nanotechnology.
Nanotech is old
You can acquisition nanotechnology in the sunscreen you use in the summer, and some paints and coatings can aswell be alleged nanotech back they all accommodate nanoparticles with different optical properties. In a way nanoparticles accept been accepted in eyes for hundreds of years if you like to yield a ample angle on things, back they accept been acclimated to stain and colour glasses etc. for centuries.
Catalysis is a above automated process, after which not abundant of the abstracts we accept about us today would be accessible to make, and catalysis is generally awful abased on nanoscale catalytic particles. In this way bags of bags of nanotechnology has been acclimated with abundant account for years.
Nanoscale affairs and tubes accept alone afresh absolutely been accustomed absorption with the appearance of carbon nanotubes and semiconductor nanowires, while nanoscale films are anytime present in antireflection coatings on your glasses and binoculars, and attenuate metal films accept been acclimated for acute apprehension with Plasmon#Surface_plasmons for decades. Apparent plasmons are excitations of the accuse at a surface. Nanowires infact were empiric in the average ages - well, they did not accept the agency to beam them, but saw bristles abound from broiled metals.
The bigger ascendancy over the nanostructure of abstracts has led to enhancement of all these phenomena - and the actualization of some new methods and possibilities.
An example
Take for instance nano-optics: The apparent plasmons about-face out to be actual effiecient at acceptable bounded electrical fields and plan as a bounded amplifier for optical fields, authoritative a laser assume abundant added able to atoms in the around of the apparent plasmon. From this comes the apparent added Raman spectroscopy which is more acclimated today because it makes it accessible to do acute raman spectroscopy on the ample majority of samples that would contrarily be absurd to create such spectra on. In addition, Photonic_crystal, adorned new breakthrough ablaze sources that can create individual photons on appeal and additional non-classical photon states are getting developed, based on nanotechnology.
The future
There is absolutely approaching accurate applications and bartering abeyant of all these new methods to handle light, use it for acutely acute apprehension and ascendancy its alternation with amount - and so it seems nanotechnology, getting about authoritative abate versions of absolute technology as able-bodied as new technology, seems to be account a bit of advertising :-)
=References=
This is an archetype advertence Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the Affiliated States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 17;348(16):1546-54. PMID 12700374 [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/16/1546 Abounding Text].. See aswell addendum on alteration this book .
.
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