Comment of Ample Agreement Jupiter
02 July 10:27
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun, and is aswell the largest.
Its moons cover Io, Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa.
From Wikipedia, the chargeless encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the god, see Jupiter (mythology). For additional uses of this term, see Jupiter (disambiguation).
Jupiter
Click angel for description
Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000)
Semi-major arbor 778,412,027 km
5.203 363 01 AU
Orbital ambit 4.888 Tm
32.675 AU
Eccentricity 0.048 392 66
Perihelion 740,742,598 km
4.951 558 43 AU
Aphelion 816,081,455 km
5.455 167 59 AU
Orbital aeon 4333.2867 d
(11.86 a)
Synodic aeon 398.88 d
Avg. Alternate Acceleration 13.056 km/s
Max. Alternate Acceleration 13.712 km/s
Min. Alternate Acceleration 12.446 km/s
Inclination 1.305 30°
(6.09° to Suns equator)
Longitude of the
ascending bulge 100.556 15°
Argument of the
perihelion 274.197 70°
Number of satellites 63
Physical characteristics
Equatorial bore 142,984 km
(11.209 Earths)
Polar bore 133,709 km
(10.517 Earths)
Oblateness 0.064 87
Surface breadth 6.14?1010 km2
(120.5 Earths)
Volume 1.431?1015 km3
(1321.3 Earths)
Mass 1.899?1027 kg
(317.8 Earths)
Mean body 1.326 g/cm3
Equatorial force 23.12 m/s2
(2.358 gee)
Escape acceleration 59.54 km/s
Rotation aeon 0.413 538 021 d (9 h 55 min 29.685 s) 1
Rotation acceleration 12.6 km/s = 45,300 km/h
(at the equator)
Axial angle 3.13°
Right ascension
of Arctic pole 268.05° (17 h 52 min 12 s)
Declination 64.49°
Albedo 0.52
Surface temp. min beggarly max
110 K 152 K N/A K
Adjective Jovian
Atmospheric characteristics
Atmospheric burden 70 kPa
Hydrogen ~86%
Helium ~14%
Methane 0.1%
Water breath 0.1%
Ammonia 0.02%
Ethane 0.0002%
Phosphine 0.0001%
Hydrogen sulfide <0.00010%
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the better aural the solar system. Jupiter and the additional gas giants—Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are sometimes referred to as Jovian planets.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Actual observations
3 Concrete characteristics
3.1 All-embracing agreement
3.2 Atmosphere
3.3 All-embracing rings
3.4 Magnetosphere
4 Analysis of Jupiter
4.1 Avant-garde flyby missions
4.2 Charlatan flyby missions
4.3 Ulysses flyby mission
4.4 Galileo mission
4.5 Cassini flyby mission
4.6 Approaching probes
5 Accustomed satellites
5.1 Galilean moons
5.2 Allocation of Jupiters moons
6 Activity on Jupiter
7 Trojan asteroids
8 Cometary appulse
9 See aswell
10 References
11 Alien links
Overview
Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest item in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus); about at times Mars appears brighter than Jupiter.
Approximate admeasurement allegory of Earth, Jupiter, and the Abundant Red SpotJupiter is 2.5 times added massive than all the additional planets combined, so massive that its barycenter with the Sun infact lies aloft the Suns apparent (1.068 solar radii from the Suns center). It is 318 times added massive than Earth, with a bore 11 times that of Earth, and a aggregate 1300 times that of Earth. Absolutely naturally, Jupiters gravitational access has bedeviled the change of the solar system: alotof planets orbits lie afterpiece to Jupiters alternate even than the Suns close plane, the majority of short-period comets accord to Jupiters ancestors (a aftereffect due to both Jupiters accumulation and its about speed), the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly due to Jupiter, and Jupiter is even anticipation to accept been possibly amenable for the backward abundant battery of the close solar systems history. Some accept declared the solar arrangement as consisting of the Sun, Jupiter, and different debris. Some call Jupiter as the solar systems exhaustion cleaner, due to its immense force well.
As absorbing as Jupiters accumulation is, extrasolar planets accept been apparent with abundant greater masses. There is no assured analogue of what distinguishes a ample planet such as Jupiter from a amber dwarf star, although the closing possesses rather specific ashen lines. Currently, if a supermassive item is aloft 12 Jupiter masses, ample abundant to bake deuterium, it is advised a amber dwarf star; beneath that mass, it is a planet. Jupiter is anticipation to accept about as ample a bore as a planet of its agreement can; abacus added accumulation would aftereffect in added gravitational compression, in approach arch to arch ignition. This has led some astronomers to appellation it a bootless star, although Jupiter would charge to be about seventy times as ample to become a star. In ablaze of this, it is aswell absorbing to agenda that it radiates added calefaction than it receives from the Sun. This added calefaction radiation is produced by the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism. As addition evidence of this process, the planet shrinks at the amount of a few millimeters anniversary year.
Jupiter aswell has the fastest circling amount of any planet aural the solar system, authoritative a complete circling on its arbor in hardly beneath than ten hours, which after-effects in an close appendage calmly apparent through an Earth-based abecedarian telescope. Jupiter is perpetually covered with a band of clouds, composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulphide, and it may not accept any solid apparent in that the body may artlessly access gradually as you move appear the core. Its best accepted affection is the Abundant Red Spot, a storm beyond than Apple which was acceptable first empiric by Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Robert Hooke four centuries ago. Indeed, algebraic models advance that the storm is abiding and may be a abiding affection of the planet. In 2000, three baby spots alloyed to anatomy a beyond atom called Egg-shaped BA, which after acquired a red hue actual agnate to that of the Abundant Red Spot.
Historical observations
Jupiter has been accepted back age-old times and is arresting to the naked eye in the night sky. The Romans called the planet afterwards the Roman god Jupiter (also alleged Jove). The ample attribute for the planet is a august representation of the gods lightning bolt.
The Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese accredit to the planet as the copse star, ??, based on the Chinese 5 Elements (curiously enough, through a baby telescope, it does somewhat resemble a annular allotment of copse in appearance, with the Red Atom getting a knot). In Vedic Astrology, Hindu astrologers accredit to Jupiter as Authority which agency the Astute One.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei apparent the four better moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now accepted as the Galilean moons) using a telescope, the first ascertainment of moons additional than Earths. This was aswell the first analysis of a angelic motion not allegedly centered on the Earth. It was a above point in favor of Copernicus heliocentric approach of the motions of the planets; Galileos abrupt abutment of the Copernican approach placed him beneath the blackmail of the Inquisition.
In 1892, E. E. Barnard empiric a fifth digital of Jupiter with the 36-inch refractor at Lick Anchor in California. The discovery, a attestation to his amazing eyesight, create him bound famous. The moon was after called Amalthea.
Physical characteristics
Planetary composition
Jupiter is composed of a almost baby bouldered core, amidst by brownish hydrogen, amidst by aqueous hydrogen, which is amidst by aerial hydrogen. There is no bright abuttals or apparent amid these altered phases of hydrogen; the altitude alloy calmly from gas to aqueous as one descends.
Atmosphere
False-color detail of Jupiters atmosphere, beheld by Charlatan 1, assuming the Abundant Red Atom and a casual white ovalJupiters atmosphere is composed of ~90% hydrogen and ~10% helium by amount of atoms. The atmosphere is ~75%/24% by mass; with ~1% of the accumulation accounted for by additional substances - the autogenous contains denser abstracts such that the administration is ~71%/24%/5%. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, baptize vapor, ammonia, and rock. There are aswell traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulphide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulphur. The exoteric band of the atmosphere contains crystals of arctic ammonia.
This atmospheric agreement is actual abutting to the agreement of the solar nebula. Saturn has a agnate composition, but Uranus and Neptune accept abundant beneath hydrogen and helium.
Jupiters high atmosphere undergoes cogwheel rotation, an aftereffect first noticed by Giovanni Cassini (1690). The circling of Jupiters arctic atmosphere is ~5 account best than that of the close atmosphere. In addition, bands of clouds of altered latitudes, accepted as close regions breeze in opposing admonition on the prevailing winds. The interactions of these adverse apportionment patterns couldcause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 600 km/h are not uncommon.
The alone aircraft to accept descended into Jupiters atmosphere to yield accurate abstracts is the Galileo delving (see Galileo mission). It beatific an atmospheric delving into Jupiter aloft accession in 1995, then itself entered Jupiters atmosphere and austere up in 2003.
See also: Billow arrangement on Jupiter
Planetary rings
Main article: rings of Jupiter
Jupiter has a aside all-embracing ring arrangement composed of smoke-like dust particles agape from its moons by active meteor impacts. The centermost doughnut-shaped ring, alleged the halo, is about as blubbery (20,000km) as it is advanced (22,800km). This is followed by the thinnest and brightest capital ring, which is create of dust from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Metis orbits aural its aqueous Roche Absolute with Jupiter, and altar not durably absorbed to it may advisedly abatement abroad from it and into Jupiters gravitational field. Two advanced airy rings band the capital ring, basic from Thebe and Amalthea. Finally, there is a abroad and actual aside alien ring ambit Jupiter backwards—retrograde of its spin. Its not accepted for abiding area the actual for this alien ring comes from, but it may be captured interplanetary dust.
Magnetosphere
Jupiter has a actual ample and able magnetosphere. In fact, if one could see Jupiters alluring acreage from Earth, it would arise 5 times as ample as the abounding moon in the sky admitting getting so abundant further away. The alluring acreage is generated by boil currents in Jupiters brownish hydrogen core. This alluring acreage collects a ample alteration of atom radiation in Jupiters radiation belts, as able-bodied as bearing a affecting gas torus and alteration tube associated with Io. Jupiters magnetosphere is the better all-embracing anatomy in the solar system.
The Avant-garde probes accepted that Jupiters astronomic alluring acreage is 10 times stronger than Earths and contains 20,000 times as abundant energy. The acute instruments aboard begin that the Jovian alluring fields arctic alluring pole is at the planet’s geographic south pole, with the arbor of the alluring acreage agee 11 degrees from the Jovian circling arbor and account from the centermost of Jupiter in a address agnate to the arbor of the Earths field. The Antecedents abstinent the bow shock of the Jovian magnetosphere to the amplitude of 26 actor kilometres (16 actor miles), with the alluring appendage extending above Saturn’s orbit.
The data showed that the alluring acreage fluctuates rapidly in admeasurement on the sunward ancillary of Jupiter because of burden variations in the solar wind, an aftereffect advised in added detail by the two Charlatan spacecraft. It was aswell apparent that streams of high-energy diminutive particles are ejected from the Jovian magnetosphere and biking as far as the apogee of the Earth. Active protons were begin and abstinent in the Jovian radiation belt and electric currents were detected abounding amid Jupiter and some of its moons, decidedly Io.
Exploration of Jupiter
A amount of probes accept visited Jupiter.
Pioneer flyby missions
Image of Jupiter by Avant-garde 10.Pioneer 10 flew accomplished Jupiter in December of 1973, followed by Avant-garde 11 absolutely one year later. Avant-garde 10 create the first anytime abutting up images of Jupiter, advised its atmosphere, and detected its alluring field.
Voyager flyby missions
Voyager 1 took this photo of the planet Jupiter on January 24, 1979 while still added than 25 actor afar (40 actor kilometres) away. Bang angel for abounding caption.Voyager 1 flew by in Advance 1979 followed by Charlatan 2 in July of the aforementioned year. The Campaign awfully bigger the compassionate of the Galilean moons and apparent Jupiters rings. They aswell took the first abutting up images of the planets atmosphere.
Ulysses flyby mission
In February 1992, Ulysses solar delving performed a flyby of Jupiter at a ambit of 450,000 km (6.3 Jovian radii). The flyby was appropriate to attain a arctic apogee about the Sun. The delving conducted studies on Jupiters magnetosphere. Back there are no cameras onboard the probe, no images were taken. In February 2004, the delving came afresh in the around of Jupiter. This time the ambit was abundant greater, about 240 actor km.
Galileo mission
So far the alone aircraft to apogee Jupiter is the Galileo orbiter, which went into apogee about Jupiter on December 7, 1995. It orbited the planet for over seven years and conducted assorted flybys of all of the Galilean moons and Amalthea. The aircraft aswell witnessed the appulse of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter as it approached the planet in 1994, giving a different angle point for this amazing event. However, while the advice acquired about the Jovian arrangement from the Galileo mission was all-encompassing in its own right, its originally-designed accommodation was bound by the bootless deployment of its high-gain radio transmitting antenna.
Jupiter as apparent by the amplitude delving Cassini. This is the alotof abundant all-around blush account of Jupiter anytime assembled.An atmospheric delving was appear from the aircraft in July, 1995. The delving entered the planets atmosphere in December 7, 1995. It parachuted through 150 km of the atmosphere, accession data for 57.6 minutes, afore getting ashamed by the acute burden to which it was subjected. It would accept broiled and vaporized anon thereafter. The Galileo orbiter itself accomplished a added accelerated adaptation of the aforementioned fate if it was advisedly steered into the planet on September 21, 2003 at a acceleration of over 50 km/s, in adjustment to abstain any achievability of it abolition into and possibly communicable Europa, one of the Jovian moons.
Cassini flyby mission
In 2000, the Cassini probe, en avenue to Saturn, flew by Jupiter and provided some of the highest-resolution images anytime create of the planet.
Future probes
NASA is planning a mission to abstraction Jupiter in detail from a arctic orbit. Called Juno, the aircraft is planned to barrage by 2010.
Because of the achievability of a aqueous ocean on Jupiters moon Europa, there has been abundant absorption to abstraction the icy moons in detail. A mission proposed by NASA was committed to abstraction them. The JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was accepted to be launched ancient afterwards 2012. However, the mission was accounted too aggressive and its allotment was canceled.
In 2007, Jupiter will aswell be briefly visited by the New Horizons probe, en avenue to Pluto.
Natural satellites
Main article: Jupiters accustomed satellites
Jupiters 4 Galilean moons, in a blended angel comparing their sizes and the admeasurement of Jupiter (Great Red Atom visible). From the top they are: Callisto, Ganymede, Europa and Io.Jupiter has at atomic 63 moons. For a complete advertisement of these moons, amuse see Jupiters accustomed satellites . For a timeline of their analysis dates, see Timeline of analysis of Solar Arrangement planets and their accustomed satellites .
The four ample moons, accepted as the Galilean moons, are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
Galilean moons
The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, the better moon in the solar system, anatomy a arrangement accepted as a Laplace resonance; for every four orbits that Io makes about Jupiter, Europa makes absolutely two orbits and Ganymede makes absolutely one. This resonance causes the gravitational furnishings of the three moons to alter their orbits into egg-shaped shapes, back anniversary moon receives an added tug from its neighbors at the aforementioned point in every apogee it makes.
A account of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by Hubble. The atramentous atom is Ios shadow.The flat force from Jupiter, on the additional hand, works to acquaint their orbits. This connected tug of war causes approved coil of the three moons shapes, Jupiters force stretches the moons added acerb during the allocation of their orbits that are abutting to it and acceptance them to bounce aback to added all-around shapes if theyre further away. This coil causes flat heating of the three moons cores. This is apparent alotof badly in Ios amazing agitable activity, and to a somewhat beneath affecting admeasurement in the geologically adolescent apparent of Europa advertence contempo resurfacing.
The Galilean moons, compared to Earths moon Luna
Name
(Pronunciation key)
Diameter
(km) Mass
(kg) Alternate ambit (km) Alternate aeon (days)
Io eye-oe
?a??? 3643
(105% Luna) 8.9?1022
(120% Luna) 421 700
(110% Luna) 1.77
(6.5% Luna)
Europa ew-roe-p?
j??r??p? 3122
(90% Luna) 4.8?1022
(65% Luna) 671 034
(175% Luna) 3.55
(13% Luna)
Ganymede gan-?-meed
?g?n?mid 5262
(150% Luna) 14.8?1022
(200% Luna) 1 070 412
(280% Luna) 7.15
(26% Luna)
Callisto k?-lis-toe
k??l?st?? 4821
(140% Luna) 10.8?1022
(150% Luna) 1 882 709
(490% Luna) 16.69
(61% Luna)
Classification of Jupiters moons
Before the discoveries of the Charlatan missions, Jupiters moons were abiding neatly into four groups of four. Back then, the ample amount of new baby alien moons has complicated this picture. There are now anticipation to be six capital groups, although some are added audible than others. A basal analysis is amid the eight close approved moons with about annular orbits abreast the even of Jupiters equator, which are believed to accept formed with Jupiter, and an alien amount of baby aberrant moons, with egg-shaped and absorbed orbits, which are believed to be captured asteroids or bits of captured asteroids.
Europa, one of Jupiters some moons.Regular moons
The close accumulation of four baby moons all accept diameters of beneath than 200 km, apogee at radii beneath than 200,000 km, and accept alternate inclinations of beneath than bisected a degree.
The four Galilean moons were all apparent by Galileo Galilei, apogee amid 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and cover some of the better moons in the solar system.
Irregular moons
Themisto is in a accumulation of its own, orbiting center amid the Galilean moons and the next group.
The Himalia accumulation is a deeply amassed accumulation of moons with orbits about 11,000,000-12,000,000 km from Jupiter.
Carpo is addition abandoned case; at the close bend of the Ananke group, it revolves in the absolute sense.
The Ananke accumulation is a accumulation with rather ambiguous borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an boilerplate affection of 149 degrees.
The Carme accumulation is a adequately audible accumulation that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an boilerplate affection of 165 degrees.
The Pasiphae accumulation is a broadcast and alone vaguely audible accumulation that covers all the exoteric moons.
It is anticipation that the groups of alien moons may anniversary accept a accepted origin, conceivably as a beyond moon or captured physique that bankrupt up.
Life on Jupiter
It is advised awful absurd that there is any activity on Jupiter, as there is little to no baptize in the atmosphere and any accessible solid apparent abysmal aural Jupiter would be beneath amazing pressures. However, in 1976, afore the Charlatan missions, Carl Sagan accepted (with Edwin E. Salpeter) that ammonia-based activity could advance in Jupiters high atmosphere. Sagan and Salpeter based this antecedent on the anatomy of earthbound seas which accept simple photosynthetic plankton at the top level, angle at lower levels agriculture on these creatures, and abyssal predators which coursing the fish. The Jovian equivalents Sagan and Salpeter accepted were sinkers, floaters, and hunters. The sinkers would be plankton-like bacilli which abatement through the atmosphere, absolute just continued abundant that they can carbon in the time they are kept afloat by convection. The floaters would be behemothic accoutrements of gas activity forth the curve of hot air balloons, using their own metabolism (feeding off sunlight and chargeless molecules) to accumulate their gas warm. The hunters would be about squid-like creatures, using jets of gas to actuate themselves into floaters and absorb them. These account are alone hypotheses and there is currently no way to prove or belie them.
Trojan asteroids
In accession to its moons, Jupiters gravitational acreage controls abundant asteroids which accept acclimatized into the Lagrangian credibility above-mentioned and afterward Jupiter in its apogee about the sun. These are accepted as the Trojan asteroids, and are disconnected into Greek and Trojan camps to admire the Iliad. The first of these, 588 Achilles, was apparent by Max Wolf in 1906; back then hundreds added accept been discovered. The better is 624 Hektor.
Cometary impact
Comet impacts on the apparent of Jupiter. The aphotic clouds consistent from these impacts are beyond than Apple itself.During the aeon July 16 to July 22, 1994, over twenty bits from the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiters southern hemisphere, accouterment the first absolute ascertainment of a blow amid two solar arrangement objects. It is anticipation that due to Jupiters ample accumulation and area abreast the close solar arrangement it receives the alotof common comet impacts of the solar systems planets.
See also
Jupiter in astrometry
Aspects of Jupiter - for data of opposition, affiliation to sun, etc.
Jupiter in fiction
References
^ Clarke, Arthur C. (1989). 2061: Adventure Three. Del Rey. ISBN 0345358791.
^ Sommeria, Joel, Steven D. Meyers & Annoy L. Swinney (25 February 1988). Class simulation of Jupiters Abundant Red Spot. Attributes 331: 689 - 693. DOI:10.1038/331689a0.
^ Jupiters New Red Spot. (2006). Retrieved on 2006-03-09.
^ JUPITER. Retrieved on 2006-03-09.
^ Gautier, D. et al, The helium affluence of Jupiter from Charlatan (Abstract only) Account of Geophysical Research, vol. 86, Sept. 30, 1981, p. 8713-8720. URL accessed 15 April 2006
^ Kunde, V. G. et al, Jupiters Atmospheric Agreement from the Cassini Thermal Bittersweet Spectroscopy Agreement - Science 10 September 2004, Vol. 305. no. 5690, pp. 1582 - 1586. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
^ Jupiters Magnetosphere The Astrochemistry Spectator, Iss. 1.8, 24 November 2004. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
^ Jupiter, activity on. Album of Astrobiology, Astrochemistry & Spaceflight. Retrieved on 2006-03-09.
Bagenal, F. & Dowling, T. E. & McKinnon, W. B. (Eds.). (2004). Jupiter: The planet, satellites , and magnetosphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beebe, Reta (2002). Jupiter: The Behemothic Planet, Second, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Convention Press.
External links
Find added advice on Jupiter by analytic Wikipedias sister projects:
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Antecedent texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
Account belief from Wikinews
NASAs Jupiter actuality area
A Cruise Into Amplitude Data and photos on Jupiter
Jupiters Close Moons
3D VRML Jupiter apple and its satellites Io, Callisto, Europa and Ganymede
Planets - Jupiter A kids adviser to Jupiter.
MySolarSystem.com - Jupiter Facts about Jupiter and its satellites .
Jupiter: The Behemothic Planet One of Apple Book Encyclopedias account features, this one on Jupiter.
edit Jupiter ( satellites )
Inner satellites | Galilean moons | Themisto | Himalia accumulation | Carpo
S/2003 J 12 | Ananke accumulation | Carme accumulation | Pasiphae accumulation | S/2003 J 2
See also: Accentuation key | rings of Jupiter
edit The Solar Arrangement
Planets: Mercury - Venus - Apple - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Pluto
Other: Sun - The Moon - Asteroid belt - Main-belt comets - Kuiper belt - Broadcast disc - Oort cloud
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun, and is aswell the largest.
Its moons cover Io, Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa.
From Wikipedia, the chargeless encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the god, see Jupiter (mythology). For additional uses of this term, see Jupiter (disambiguation).
Jupiter
Click angel for description
Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000)
Semi-major arbor 778,412,027 km
5.203 363 01 AU
Orbital ambit 4.888 Tm
32.675 AU
Eccentricity 0.048 392 66
Perihelion 740,742,598 km
4.951 558 43 AU
Aphelion 816,081,455 km
5.455 167 59 AU
Orbital aeon 4333.2867 d
(11.86 a)
Synodic aeon 398.88 d
Avg. Alternate Acceleration 13.056 km/s
Max. Alternate Acceleration 13.712 km/s
Min. Alternate Acceleration 12.446 km/s
Inclination 1.305 30°
(6.09° to Suns equator)
Longitude of the
ascending bulge 100.556 15°
Argument of the
perihelion 274.197 70°
Number of satellites 63
Physical characteristics
Equatorial bore 142,984 km
(11.209 Earths)
Polar bore 133,709 km
(10.517 Earths)
Oblateness 0.064 87
Surface breadth 6.14?1010 km2
(120.5 Earths)
Volume 1.431?1015 km3
(1321.3 Earths)
Mass 1.899?1027 kg
(317.8 Earths)
Mean body 1.326 g/cm3
Equatorial force 23.12 m/s2
(2.358 gee)
Escape acceleration 59.54 km/s
Rotation aeon 0.413 538 021 d (9 h 55 min 29.685 s) 1
Rotation acceleration 12.6 km/s = 45,300 km/h
(at the equator)
Axial angle 3.13°
Right ascension
of Arctic pole 268.05° (17 h 52 min 12 s)
Declination 64.49°
Albedo 0.52
Surface temp. min beggarly max
110 K 152 K N/A K
Adjective Jovian
Atmospheric characteristics
Atmospheric burden 70 kPa
Hydrogen ~86%
Helium ~14%
Methane 0.1%
Water breath 0.1%
Ammonia 0.02%
Ethane 0.0002%
Phosphine 0.0001%
Hydrogen sulfide <0.00010%
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the better aural the solar system. Jupiter and the additional gas giants—Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are sometimes referred to as Jovian planets.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Actual observations
3 Concrete characteristics
3.1 All-embracing agreement
3.2 Atmosphere
3.3 All-embracing rings
3.4 Magnetosphere
4 Analysis of Jupiter
4.1 Avant-garde flyby missions
4.2 Charlatan flyby missions
4.3 Ulysses flyby mission
4.4 Galileo mission
4.5 Cassini flyby mission
4.6 Approaching probes
5 Accustomed satellites
5.1 Galilean moons
5.2 Allocation of Jupiters moons
6 Activity on Jupiter
7 Trojan asteroids
8 Cometary appulse
9 See aswell
10 References
11 Alien links
Overview
Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest item in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus); about at times Mars appears brighter than Jupiter.
Approximate admeasurement allegory of Earth, Jupiter, and the Abundant Red SpotJupiter is 2.5 times added massive than all the additional planets combined, so massive that its barycenter with the Sun infact lies aloft the Suns apparent (1.068 solar radii from the Suns center). It is 318 times added massive than Earth, with a bore 11 times that of Earth, and a aggregate 1300 times that of Earth. Absolutely naturally, Jupiters gravitational access has bedeviled the change of the solar system: alotof planets orbits lie afterpiece to Jupiters alternate even than the Suns close plane, the majority of short-period comets accord to Jupiters ancestors (a aftereffect due to both Jupiters accumulation and its about speed), the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt are mostly due to Jupiter, and Jupiter is even anticipation to accept been possibly amenable for the backward abundant battery of the close solar systems history. Some accept declared the solar arrangement as consisting of the Sun, Jupiter, and different debris. Some call Jupiter as the solar systems exhaustion cleaner, due to its immense force well.
As absorbing as Jupiters accumulation is, extrasolar planets accept been apparent with abundant greater masses. There is no assured analogue of what distinguishes a ample planet such as Jupiter from a amber dwarf star, although the closing possesses rather specific ashen lines. Currently, if a supermassive item is aloft 12 Jupiter masses, ample abundant to bake deuterium, it is advised a amber dwarf star; beneath that mass, it is a planet. Jupiter is anticipation to accept about as ample a bore as a planet of its agreement can; abacus added accumulation would aftereffect in added gravitational compression, in approach arch to arch ignition. This has led some astronomers to appellation it a bootless star, although Jupiter would charge to be about seventy times as ample to become a star. In ablaze of this, it is aswell absorbing to agenda that it radiates added calefaction than it receives from the Sun. This added calefaction radiation is produced by the Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism. As addition evidence of this process, the planet shrinks at the amount of a few millimeters anniversary year.
Jupiter aswell has the fastest circling amount of any planet aural the solar system, authoritative a complete circling on its arbor in hardly beneath than ten hours, which after-effects in an close appendage calmly apparent through an Earth-based abecedarian telescope. Jupiter is perpetually covered with a band of clouds, composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulphide, and it may not accept any solid apparent in that the body may artlessly access gradually as you move appear the core. Its best accepted affection is the Abundant Red Spot, a storm beyond than Apple which was acceptable first empiric by Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Robert Hooke four centuries ago. Indeed, algebraic models advance that the storm is abiding and may be a abiding affection of the planet. In 2000, three baby spots alloyed to anatomy a beyond atom called Egg-shaped BA, which after acquired a red hue actual agnate to that of the Abundant Red Spot.
Historical observations
Jupiter has been accepted back age-old times and is arresting to the naked eye in the night sky. The Romans called the planet afterwards the Roman god Jupiter (also alleged Jove). The ample attribute for the planet is a august representation of the gods lightning bolt.
The Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese accredit to the planet as the copse star, ??, based on the Chinese 5 Elements (curiously enough, through a baby telescope, it does somewhat resemble a annular allotment of copse in appearance, with the Red Atom getting a knot). In Vedic Astrology, Hindu astrologers accredit to Jupiter as Authority which agency the Astute One.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei apparent the four better moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now accepted as the Galilean moons) using a telescope, the first ascertainment of moons additional than Earths. This was aswell the first analysis of a angelic motion not allegedly centered on the Earth. It was a above point in favor of Copernicus heliocentric approach of the motions of the planets; Galileos abrupt abutment of the Copernican approach placed him beneath the blackmail of the Inquisition.
In 1892, E. E. Barnard empiric a fifth digital of Jupiter with the 36-inch refractor at Lick Anchor in California. The discovery, a attestation to his amazing eyesight, create him bound famous. The moon was after called Amalthea.
Physical characteristics
Planetary composition
Jupiter is composed of a almost baby bouldered core, amidst by brownish hydrogen, amidst by aqueous hydrogen, which is amidst by aerial hydrogen. There is no bright abuttals or apparent amid these altered phases of hydrogen; the altitude alloy calmly from gas to aqueous as one descends.
Atmosphere
False-color detail of Jupiters atmosphere, beheld by Charlatan 1, assuming the Abundant Red Atom and a casual white ovalJupiters atmosphere is composed of ~90% hydrogen and ~10% helium by amount of atoms. The atmosphere is ~75%/24% by mass; with ~1% of the accumulation accounted for by additional substances - the autogenous contains denser abstracts such that the administration is ~71%/24%/5%. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, baptize vapor, ammonia, and rock. There are aswell traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulphide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulphur. The exoteric band of the atmosphere contains crystals of arctic ammonia.
This atmospheric agreement is actual abutting to the agreement of the solar nebula. Saturn has a agnate composition, but Uranus and Neptune accept abundant beneath hydrogen and helium.
Jupiters high atmosphere undergoes cogwheel rotation, an aftereffect first noticed by Giovanni Cassini (1690). The circling of Jupiters arctic atmosphere is ~5 account best than that of the close atmosphere. In addition, bands of clouds of altered latitudes, accepted as close regions breeze in opposing admonition on the prevailing winds. The interactions of these adverse apportionment patterns couldcause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 600 km/h are not uncommon.
The alone aircraft to accept descended into Jupiters atmosphere to yield accurate abstracts is the Galileo delving (see Galileo mission). It beatific an atmospheric delving into Jupiter aloft accession in 1995, then itself entered Jupiters atmosphere and austere up in 2003.
See also: Billow arrangement on Jupiter
Planetary rings
Main article: rings of Jupiter
Jupiter has a aside all-embracing ring arrangement composed of smoke-like dust particles agape from its moons by active meteor impacts. The centermost doughnut-shaped ring, alleged the halo, is about as blubbery (20,000km) as it is advanced (22,800km). This is followed by the thinnest and brightest capital ring, which is create of dust from the satellites Adrastea and Metis. Metis orbits aural its aqueous Roche Absolute with Jupiter, and altar not durably absorbed to it may advisedly abatement abroad from it and into Jupiters gravitational field. Two advanced airy rings band the capital ring, basic from Thebe and Amalthea. Finally, there is a abroad and actual aside alien ring ambit Jupiter backwards—retrograde of its spin. Its not accepted for abiding area the actual for this alien ring comes from, but it may be captured interplanetary dust.
Magnetosphere
Jupiter has a actual ample and able magnetosphere. In fact, if one could see Jupiters alluring acreage from Earth, it would arise 5 times as ample as the abounding moon in the sky admitting getting so abundant further away. The alluring acreage is generated by boil currents in Jupiters brownish hydrogen core. This alluring acreage collects a ample alteration of atom radiation in Jupiters radiation belts, as able-bodied as bearing a affecting gas torus and alteration tube associated with Io. Jupiters magnetosphere is the better all-embracing anatomy in the solar system.
The Avant-garde probes accepted that Jupiters astronomic alluring acreage is 10 times stronger than Earths and contains 20,000 times as abundant energy. The acute instruments aboard begin that the Jovian alluring fields arctic alluring pole is at the planet’s geographic south pole, with the arbor of the alluring acreage agee 11 degrees from the Jovian circling arbor and account from the centermost of Jupiter in a address agnate to the arbor of the Earths field. The Antecedents abstinent the bow shock of the Jovian magnetosphere to the amplitude of 26 actor kilometres (16 actor miles), with the alluring appendage extending above Saturn’s orbit.
The data showed that the alluring acreage fluctuates rapidly in admeasurement on the sunward ancillary of Jupiter because of burden variations in the solar wind, an aftereffect advised in added detail by the two Charlatan spacecraft. It was aswell apparent that streams of high-energy diminutive particles are ejected from the Jovian magnetosphere and biking as far as the apogee of the Earth. Active protons were begin and abstinent in the Jovian radiation belt and electric currents were detected abounding amid Jupiter and some of its moons, decidedly Io.
Exploration of Jupiter
A amount of probes accept visited Jupiter.
Pioneer flyby missions
Image of Jupiter by Avant-garde 10.Pioneer 10 flew accomplished Jupiter in December of 1973, followed by Avant-garde 11 absolutely one year later. Avant-garde 10 create the first anytime abutting up images of Jupiter, advised its atmosphere, and detected its alluring field.
Voyager flyby missions
Voyager 1 took this photo of the planet Jupiter on January 24, 1979 while still added than 25 actor afar (40 actor kilometres) away. Bang angel for abounding caption.Voyager 1 flew by in Advance 1979 followed by Charlatan 2 in July of the aforementioned year. The Campaign awfully bigger the compassionate of the Galilean moons and apparent Jupiters rings. They aswell took the first abutting up images of the planets atmosphere.
Ulysses flyby mission
In February 1992, Ulysses solar delving performed a flyby of Jupiter at a ambit of 450,000 km (6.3 Jovian radii). The flyby was appropriate to attain a arctic apogee about the Sun. The delving conducted studies on Jupiters magnetosphere. Back there are no cameras onboard the probe, no images were taken. In February 2004, the delving came afresh in the around of Jupiter. This time the ambit was abundant greater, about 240 actor km.
Galileo mission
So far the alone aircraft to apogee Jupiter is the Galileo orbiter, which went into apogee about Jupiter on December 7, 1995. It orbited the planet for over seven years and conducted assorted flybys of all of the Galilean moons and Amalthea. The aircraft aswell witnessed the appulse of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter as it approached the planet in 1994, giving a different angle point for this amazing event. However, while the advice acquired about the Jovian arrangement from the Galileo mission was all-encompassing in its own right, its originally-designed accommodation was bound by the bootless deployment of its high-gain radio transmitting antenna.
Jupiter as apparent by the amplitude delving Cassini. This is the alotof abundant all-around blush account of Jupiter anytime assembled.An atmospheric delving was appear from the aircraft in July, 1995. The delving entered the planets atmosphere in December 7, 1995. It parachuted through 150 km of the atmosphere, accession data for 57.6 minutes, afore getting ashamed by the acute burden to which it was subjected. It would accept broiled and vaporized anon thereafter. The Galileo orbiter itself accomplished a added accelerated adaptation of the aforementioned fate if it was advisedly steered into the planet on September 21, 2003 at a acceleration of over 50 km/s, in adjustment to abstain any achievability of it abolition into and possibly communicable Europa, one of the Jovian moons.
Cassini flyby mission
In 2000, the Cassini probe, en avenue to Saturn, flew by Jupiter and provided some of the highest-resolution images anytime create of the planet.
Future probes
NASA is planning a mission to abstraction Jupiter in detail from a arctic orbit. Called Juno, the aircraft is planned to barrage by 2010.
Because of the achievability of a aqueous ocean on Jupiters moon Europa, there has been abundant absorption to abstraction the icy moons in detail. A mission proposed by NASA was committed to abstraction them. The JIMO (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was accepted to be launched ancient afterwards 2012. However, the mission was accounted too aggressive and its allotment was canceled.
In 2007, Jupiter will aswell be briefly visited by the New Horizons probe, en avenue to Pluto.
Natural satellites
Main article: Jupiters accustomed satellites
Jupiters 4 Galilean moons, in a blended angel comparing their sizes and the admeasurement of Jupiter (Great Red Atom visible). From the top they are: Callisto, Ganymede, Europa and Io.Jupiter has at atomic 63 moons. For a complete advertisement of these moons, amuse see Jupiters accustomed satellites . For a timeline of their analysis dates, see Timeline of analysis of Solar Arrangement planets and their accustomed satellites .
The four ample moons, accepted as the Galilean moons, are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
Galilean moons
The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, the better moon in the solar system, anatomy a arrangement accepted as a Laplace resonance; for every four orbits that Io makes about Jupiter, Europa makes absolutely two orbits and Ganymede makes absolutely one. This resonance causes the gravitational furnishings of the three moons to alter their orbits into egg-shaped shapes, back anniversary moon receives an added tug from its neighbors at the aforementioned point in every apogee it makes.
A account of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by Hubble. The atramentous atom is Ios shadow.The flat force from Jupiter, on the additional hand, works to acquaint their orbits. This connected tug of war causes approved coil of the three moons shapes, Jupiters force stretches the moons added acerb during the allocation of their orbits that are abutting to it and acceptance them to bounce aback to added all-around shapes if theyre further away. This coil causes flat heating of the three moons cores. This is apparent alotof badly in Ios amazing agitable activity, and to a somewhat beneath affecting admeasurement in the geologically adolescent apparent of Europa advertence contempo resurfacing.
The Galilean moons, compared to Earths moon Luna
Name
(Pronunciation key)
Diameter
(km) Mass
(kg) Alternate ambit (km) Alternate aeon (days)
Io eye-oe
?a??? 3643
(105% Luna) 8.9?1022
(120% Luna) 421 700
(110% Luna) 1.77
(6.5% Luna)
Europa ew-roe-p?
j??r??p? 3122
(90% Luna) 4.8?1022
(65% Luna) 671 034
(175% Luna) 3.55
(13% Luna)
Ganymede gan-?-meed
?g?n?mid 5262
(150% Luna) 14.8?1022
(200% Luna) 1 070 412
(280% Luna) 7.15
(26% Luna)
Callisto k?-lis-toe
k??l?st?? 4821
(140% Luna) 10.8?1022
(150% Luna) 1 882 709
(490% Luna) 16.69
(61% Luna)
Classification of Jupiters moons
Before the discoveries of the Charlatan missions, Jupiters moons were abiding neatly into four groups of four. Back then, the ample amount of new baby alien moons has complicated this picture. There are now anticipation to be six capital groups, although some are added audible than others. A basal analysis is amid the eight close approved moons with about annular orbits abreast the even of Jupiters equator, which are believed to accept formed with Jupiter, and an alien amount of baby aberrant moons, with egg-shaped and absorbed orbits, which are believed to be captured asteroids or bits of captured asteroids.
Europa, one of Jupiters some moons.Regular moons
The close accumulation of four baby moons all accept diameters of beneath than 200 km, apogee at radii beneath than 200,000 km, and accept alternate inclinations of beneath than bisected a degree.
The four Galilean moons were all apparent by Galileo Galilei, apogee amid 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and cover some of the better moons in the solar system.
Irregular moons
Themisto is in a accumulation of its own, orbiting center amid the Galilean moons and the next group.
The Himalia accumulation is a deeply amassed accumulation of moons with orbits about 11,000,000-12,000,000 km from Jupiter.
Carpo is addition abandoned case; at the close bend of the Ananke group, it revolves in the absolute sense.
The Ananke accumulation is a accumulation with rather ambiguous borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an boilerplate affection of 149 degrees.
The Carme accumulation is a adequately audible accumulation that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an boilerplate affection of 165 degrees.
The Pasiphae accumulation is a broadcast and alone vaguely audible accumulation that covers all the exoteric moons.
It is anticipation that the groups of alien moons may anniversary accept a accepted origin, conceivably as a beyond moon or captured physique that bankrupt up.
Life on Jupiter
It is advised awful absurd that there is any activity on Jupiter, as there is little to no baptize in the atmosphere and any accessible solid apparent abysmal aural Jupiter would be beneath amazing pressures. However, in 1976, afore the Charlatan missions, Carl Sagan accepted (with Edwin E. Salpeter) that ammonia-based activity could advance in Jupiters high atmosphere. Sagan and Salpeter based this antecedent on the anatomy of earthbound seas which accept simple photosynthetic plankton at the top level, angle at lower levels agriculture on these creatures, and abyssal predators which coursing the fish. The Jovian equivalents Sagan and Salpeter accepted were sinkers, floaters, and hunters. The sinkers would be plankton-like bacilli which abatement through the atmosphere, absolute just continued abundant that they can carbon in the time they are kept afloat by convection. The floaters would be behemothic accoutrements of gas activity forth the curve of hot air balloons, using their own metabolism (feeding off sunlight and chargeless molecules) to accumulate their gas warm. The hunters would be about squid-like creatures, using jets of gas to actuate themselves into floaters and absorb them. These account are alone hypotheses and there is currently no way to prove or belie them.
Trojan asteroids
In accession to its moons, Jupiters gravitational acreage controls abundant asteroids which accept acclimatized into the Lagrangian credibility above-mentioned and afterward Jupiter in its apogee about the sun. These are accepted as the Trojan asteroids, and are disconnected into Greek and Trojan camps to admire the Iliad. The first of these, 588 Achilles, was apparent by Max Wolf in 1906; back then hundreds added accept been discovered. The better is 624 Hektor.
Cometary impact
Comet impacts on the apparent of Jupiter. The aphotic clouds consistent from these impacts are beyond than Apple itself.During the aeon July 16 to July 22, 1994, over twenty bits from the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiters southern hemisphere, accouterment the first absolute ascertainment of a blow amid two solar arrangement objects. It is anticipation that due to Jupiters ample accumulation and area abreast the close solar arrangement it receives the alotof common comet impacts of the solar systems planets.
See also
Jupiter in astrometry
Aspects of Jupiter - for data of opposition, affiliation to sun, etc.
Jupiter in fiction
References
^ Clarke, Arthur C. (1989). 2061: Adventure Three. Del Rey. ISBN 0345358791.
^ Sommeria, Joel, Steven D. Meyers & Annoy L. Swinney (25 February 1988). Class simulation of Jupiters Abundant Red Spot. Attributes 331: 689 - 693. DOI:10.1038/331689a0.
^ Jupiters New Red Spot. (2006). Retrieved on 2006-03-09.
^ JUPITER. Retrieved on 2006-03-09.
^ Gautier, D. et al, The helium affluence of Jupiter from Charlatan (Abstract only) Account of Geophysical Research, vol. 86, Sept. 30, 1981, p. 8713-8720. URL accessed 15 April 2006
^ Kunde, V. G. et al, Jupiters Atmospheric Agreement from the Cassini Thermal Bittersweet Spectroscopy Agreement - Science 10 September 2004, Vol. 305. no. 5690, pp. 1582 - 1586. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
^ Jupiters Magnetosphere The Astrochemistry Spectator, Iss. 1.8, 24 November 2004. URL accessed 15 April 2006.
^ Jupiter, activity on. Album of Astrobiology, Astrochemistry & Spaceflight. Retrieved on 2006-03-09.
Bagenal, F. & Dowling, T. E. & McKinnon, W. B. (Eds.). (2004). Jupiter: The planet, satellites , and magnetosphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beebe, Reta (2002). Jupiter: The Behemothic Planet, Second, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Convention Press.
External links
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MySolarSystem.com - Jupiter Facts about Jupiter and its satellites .
Jupiter: The Behemothic Planet One of Apple Book Encyclopedias account features, this one on Jupiter.
edit Jupiter ( satellites )
Inner satellites | Galilean moons | Themisto | Himalia accumulation | Carpo
S/2003 J 12 | Ananke accumulation | Carme accumulation | Pasiphae accumulation | S/2003 J 2
See also: Accentuation key | rings of Jupiter
edit The Solar Arrangement
Planets: Mercury - Venus - Apple - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Pluto
Other: Sun - The Moon - Asteroid belt - Main-belt comets - Kuiper belt - Broadcast disc - Oort cloud
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