LPI Linux Acceptance LPIC1 Assay 101 Linux Filesystems
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26 September 01:00
Description: Candidates should be able to configure deejay partitions and then make filesystems on time dia-amp-graphics/media-management-list/' onMouseOver="tip('infobox1')" onMouseOut="untip()"> media such as harder disks. This cold includes using assorted mkfs commands to set up partitions to assorted filesystems, including ext2, ext3, reiserfs, vfat, and xfs.
Key files terms and utilities include:
fdisk
mkfs
Media can be disconnected into partitions.
Partitions are usually created at accession time but can aswell be created with the fdisk program or additional utilities.
This will bisect the media in partitions and altered filesystems can be congenital and altered operating systems can be installed.
IDE is accustomed as follows:
::/dev/hda : Abounding disk
::/dev/hda1: First partition
::/dev/hda2: Additional partition
SCSI is accustomed as follows:
::/dev/sda: Abounding disk
::/dev/sda1: First partition
USB and FireWire disks are accustomed as SCSI disks.
Once it is abstracted it is accessible to body a filesystem on every partition.
Filesystems is to acquiesce you to store, retrieve and dispense data on a media .
Filesystems advance an centralized data anatomy (meta-data) that keeps all you data organized and accessible.
The anatomy of this meta-data gives the appropriate of the filesystem.
A filesystem is accessed by a disciplinarian through the organized meta-data structure.
When Linux boots it reads in /etc/fstab all the filesystems that needs to be army and checks if they are in an accessible state.
When a ability abortion occurs Linux wont be able to unmout the filesystem appropriately and some data in the accumulation wont be synchronized on the media .
The meta-data may be corrupted.
Once you reboot the system, it will ascertain this and do a fsck to the abounding meta-data anatomy for a bendability check.
This can yield a actual continued time. Few account to few hours in admeasurement of the media size.
Journaling a filesystem is abacus a new data anatomy alleged a journal.
This account is on-disk and afore anniversary modification to the meta-data is create by the disciplinarian it is first accounting into the journal.
Before anniversary meta-data modification the account maintains a log of the next operation.
Now, if a ability abortion occurs there is alone the charge to analysis the journal.
A journaling filesystem accretion is actual fast. It just needs to go through the logs and fix the latest operation.
Journaling filesystem accretion can yield alone few seconds.
On a array systems, journaling allows to bound balance a aggregate allotment of a bulge that went down.
...
A Linux book arrangement has one top agenda alleged basis (/) area all sub directories of the absolute arrangement is stored.
The sub directories can be addition partition, a limited directory, or a limited allotment attainable through the arrangement with NFS protocol.
To make a book arrangement on a partition, use mkfs.
mkfs -t accessory
Common options:
:-t: fstype: Book arrangement type.
:-c : Analysis the accessory for bad blocks afore architecture the filesystem.
The abounding allotment will be ereased and organized to the blazon of filesystem requested. There is no disengage command.
The fstype accessible are:
msdos, ext2, ext3, reiserfs,minix,xfs
The blocksize allows to adapt the block admeasurement for your filesystem.
Examples:
mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0
mkfs -t reiserfs /dev/hdd1 4096
To make a continued (ext2, ext3) filesystem on an partition, use mke2fs.
mke2fs accessory
Common options:
:-b: Specify the block sizefstype: Book arrangement type.
:-c : Analysis the accessory for bad blocks afore architecture the filesystem.
:-j: Make the filesystem with an ext3 journal.
:-L: Set the aggregate characterization for the filesystem.
With mke2fs it is accessible to abundance the super-block the account advice on addition device.
Examples:
mkefs -b 2048 /dev/fd0 -L floppy
mkfs -V
mke2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002) Using EXT2FS Library adaptation 1.263
To book the deejay usage, use du.
du
Common options:
:-a: All files not just directories
:-b: Book admeasurement in bytes
:-c: Total
:-h: Animal clear format. (1K, 20M,...)
Examples:
$ du -ch Documents
112k Documents/Cours/LPI101
4.0k Documents/Cours/LPI102
4.0k Documents/Cours/LPI201
4.0k Documents/Cours/LPI202
124k total
du -sk ~ # Sums up your absolute deejay acceptance in kilobytes
du -ak ~ | array -n added # Affectation every book and its deejay amplitude in after order.
A filesystem is composed of a meta-data anatomy additional a account of blocks.
To book the filesystem deejay amplitude usage, use df.
df
Common options:
:-a: All included filesystems with 0 blocks.
:-t: Absolute advertisement to a filesystem type.
:-h: Animal clear format. (1K, 20M,...)
Examples:
$ df -t reiserfs -h
F 1k-blocks Acclimated Accessible Use% Army on
/dev/hda3 28771528 3121536 25649992 11% /
$ df -t ext2 -h
Filesystem Admeasurement Acclimated Account Use% Army on
/dev/hda1 15M 3.8M 10M 27% /boot
Description: Candidates should be able to verify the candor of filesystems, adviser chargeless amplitude and inodes, and adjustment simple filesystem problems. This cold includes the commands appropriate to advance a accepted filesystem, as able-bodied as the added data associated with a journaling filesystem.
Key files terms and utilities include:
du
df
fsck
e2fsck
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs
To analysis filesystems consistency, use fsck.
fsck -t accessory
Common options:
:-A: Go through the /etc/fstab book and try to analysis all book systems. About acclimated at cossack time from a script.
:-t fslist: Specify the blazon of book arrangement to be checked. With -A, alone filesystems that bout fslist are checked
:-C: Affectation completion/progression bar.
Common fsck-options:
:-a: Automatically repair.
:-r: Interactively repair.
Examples:
fsck -t msdos /dev/fd0 -a
fsck -t reiserfs /dev/hda2 -r
To analysis continued filesystems consistency, use e2fsck.
e2fsck device
Common options:
:-b: Use an alternating cool block filename.
:-c: This advantage makes badblocks program to run and marks all the bad blocks.
:-f: Force blockage even if the filesystem seems clean.
:-a or -p: Automatically repair.
:-y: non-interactive mode
Examples:
e2fsck -ay /dev/fd0
e2fsck -f /dev/hda2
The debugfs program is an alternate book arrangement debugger. It can be acclimated to appraise and change the accompaniment of an ext2 book system.
debugfs device
Common commands:
:Help: Accord an advice on all the command available.
:Stats: Accord a statitstics of the media.
:Stat file: Accord a accomplishment of the book on the media.
:logdump: Dump the journals media into a file
Example:
carbon haut.gif
Inode: 14 Type: approved Mode: 0644 Flags: 0x0 Generation: 67558
User: 0 Group: 0 Size: 3786
Book ACL: 0 Agenda ACL: 0
Links: 1 Blockcount: 8
Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0
ctime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002
atime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002
mtime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002
BLOCKS:
(0-3):55-58
TOTAL: 4
To book the cool block and blocks accumulation advice of an continued filesystem, use dumpe2fs.
dumpe2fs device
Common options:
:-b: book the bad blocks of the filesystem.
:-h: Affectation alone the superblock information.
Example:
dumpe2fs -h /dev/fd0
dumpe2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002)
Filesystem aggregate name: floppy
Endure army on:
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 184
Block count: 1440
Aloof block count: 72
Chargeless blocks: 1258
Chargeless inodes: 168
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
...
To tune an continued filesystem, use tune2fs.
tune2fs accessory
Common options:
:-i#: Breach amid filesystem checks .
:-l: Account the capacity of the filesystem superblock.
:-L: Set the aggregate characterization of the filesystem.
Examples:
tune2fs -L billowing /dev/fd0
tune2fs -l /dev/fd0
(Same achievement as dumpe2fs -h /dev/fd0)
tune2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002)
Filesystem aggregate name: floppy
Block count: 1440
Aloof block count: 72
Chargeless blocks: 1258
Chargeless inodes: 168
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
...
# Body an ext2 book system, with a block admeasurement of 2048 bytes, on a floppy.
# Change the characterization of the billowing to BACKUP.
# Try to add a account on the billowing media.
# Use debugfs to validate your billowing book arrangement information, and analysis if it was endure accessed.
# Use watch to adviser the admeasurement if you archetype a big file.
# Make a carapace Software to account all files on the billowing bigger than 100 Kb.
# Affectation book arrangement acceptance for all MSDOS book systems.
# Which agenda Haveto is in / to authorize this OS as Linux?
# What is the book arrangement acceptance of /proc?
Description: Candidates should be able to configure the ascent of a filesystem. This cold includes the adeptness to manually arise and unmount filesystems, configure filesystem ascent on bootup, and configure user mountable removeable filesystems such as band drives, floppies, and CDs.
Key files terms and utilities include:
/etc/fstab
mount
umount
The arise command serves to attach the book arrangement begin on some accessory to the big book tree.
arise
arise accessory dir
If the accessory or agenda is listed in /etc/fstab you can use the following:
arise accessory | dir
Normally alone basis has the priviledge to arise accessories unless it is defined in the /etc/fstab file.
Examples:
# Book all the mouted filesystems (/etc/mtab).
mount
# Arise accessories or dirs listed in /etc/fstab.
arise -a
# Arise /dev/hdc allotment in apprehend alone approach after afterlight /etc/mtab.
arise -n -o ro /dev/hdc /mnt
# Acquiesce a user to arise the CDROM if the afterward band is in /etc/fstab:
# /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide
arise /media/cdrom
arise /dev/cdrom
# Accompany in realtime
arise -o accompany /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb
To abstract a filesystem from the book tree, use umount.
umount
umount accessory | dir
A active filesystem cannot be unmounted.
Examples:
umount -a # Unmount accessories or dirs listed in /etc/fstab.
umount /mnt # Unmount the filesystem absorbed to /mnt.
umount /media/cdrom # Acquiesce a user to unmount the CDROM if the afterward band is in /etc/fstab:
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide
The book /etc/fstab contains all the book sytems and accompanying advice that will be acclimated if accomplishing a arise -a. (Boot time)
The book /etc/mtab is maintained by the atom and keeps clue on what is or isnt mounted.
The /etc/fstab architecture is:
#Device Arise point Fs blazon Options 1 2
/dev/hda3 / reiserfs defaults 1 2
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom auto ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0
usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs noauto 0 0
/dev/hda2 bandy bandy pri=42 0 0
Common options:
:ro: apprehend only
:noauto: Dont arise automatically
:exec: Can assassinate bifold on the filesystem
:suid: Acquiesce to setuser bit
:user: Acquiesce a user to mount/unmount it
:unhide: hidden book visible
:async: All operations will be done asynchronously
:default: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async
# Make a band in /etc/fstab that allows any user to admission the billowing disk. Analysis that you can arise the billowing and can make a book with touch.
# Do the afterward manipulation:
#########
Description: Candidates should be able to administer deejay quotas for users. This cold includes ambience up a deejay allocation for a filesystem, editing, checking, and breeding user allocation reports.
Key files terms and utilities include:
quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon
On a system, basis can administer the useage of deejay amplitude per user and per filsystems.
The two banned that can be bureaucracy are:
The bendable absolute (soft =) specifies the best bulk of deejay acceptance a allocation user is accustomed to have.
The harder absolute (hard =) specifies the complete absolute on the deejay acceptance a allocation user deceit go above it.
There is aswell the achievability to bureaucracy a adroitness aeon that will accomplish the bendable absolute alone afterwards an bulk of time specified.
1) The keyword usrquota or/and grpquota haveto be added in book /etc/fstab for the allotment interested.
/dev/fd0 /home/yann/mnt auto rw,noauto,user,usrquota 0 0
/dev/hda5 /home ext2 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
2) Add in anniversary basis filesystems the book user.quota or/and group.quota.
blow /mnt/aquota.user
blow /home/aquota.user
blow /home/aquota.group
chmod 600 /mnt/aquota.user
chmod 600 /home/aquota.user
chmod 600 /home/aquota.group
Only basis can do the allocation administering and already the abandoned files accept been created some deejay allocation can be set such as:
3) Analysis the setting
quotacheck -v mnt
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/fd0 done
quotacheck: Arrested 6 directories and 1 files
4) Accredit allocation on the disk
quotaon -av
/dev/fd0 : user quotas angry on
5) Adapt the deejay allocation limits:
$ edquota -u yann
Deejay quotas for user yann (uid 500):
Filesystem locks bendable harder inodes bendable hard
/dev/fd0 15 0 0 4 0 0
$ edquota -g yann
$ edquota -t
Adroitness aeon afore administration bendable banned for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Filesystem Block adroitness aeon Inode adroitness period
/dev/fd0 7days 7days
To account quotas for an user or group, use quota.
allocation
Common options:
:-u:Default, book user quotas.
:-g:Print accumulation quotas for the accumulation of which the user is a member.
:-q: Book a added abrupt message, absolute alone advice on filesystems area acceptance is over quota.
Example:
allocation -u yann
To affectation a allocation report, use repquota.
repquota
Common options:
:-a: Address on all filesystems adumbrated in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas.
:-g: Address for group.
Example:
$ repquota /dev/fd0
Block adroitness time: 7days; Inode adroitness time: 7days
Block banned Book limits
User acclimated bendable harder adroitness acclimated bendable harder grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
basis -- 8 0 0 2 0 0
yann -- 15 0 0 4 0 0
# Bureaucracy a bendable limitation for any users that accept their home agenda in /home to 500M.
# Change the adroitness time to 0.
# Log as the user and analysis if the limitation works.
Unix Book Security
File and Agenda Permissions
Default Permissions
Changing Book Permissions
Changing Book Buyer and Group
More Privileges
Unix book security
The better aegis problem may be you.
You own any agenda or files you created.
You are amenable for accessibility of your files.
You adjudge who can admission which files and directories.
In your home agenda you will be able to admission altered levels of permission to yourself, users in your accumulation and the all additional users.
The permission of a book or of a agenda can be beheld with ls -l.
Examples of book permissions:
ls -l readme
-rwxrw---- 1 toto users 14 Jul 5 10:00 readme
This agency read,write, and beheading permissions for user toto, apprehend and address permissions for associates of accumulation users. No permissions for others. (0760)
ls -l /etc/hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 basis basis 14 Jul 5 10:00 /etc/hosts
This agency apprehend and address permissions for user root, apprehend permissions for associates of accumulation basis and all others. (0644)
Examples of agenda permissions:
ls -ld /bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 basis basis 4096 Jul 5 10:00 /bin
This agency read,write, and beheading permissions for user root, apprehend and beheading permissions for associates of accumulation basis and others. (0755)
ls -l /home/toto
drwxr-xr-x 10 toto users 4096 Jul 5 1:00 /home/toto
This agency read, write, and beheading permissions for user toto, apprehend and beheading permissions for associates of accumulation users and others. (0755)
The absence permissions if creating a book are 0666 and if creating a agenda are 0777.
Most of the systems overwrite this at cossack time with the program umask.
Generally the affectation amount is 022. It agency the address for accumulation and additional will be blocked.
To analysis or change the affectation value, do:
umask
umask 066
Examples for file:
default: rw- rw- rw- (0666)
umask: 0 2 2 (0022) Block
result: rw- r-- r-- (0644)
Examples for directory:
default: rwx rwx rwx (0777)
umask: 0 2 2 (0022) Block
result: rwx r-x r-x (0755)
To change permissions on a book or directory, use chmod.
To overwrite the absolute permissions, do:
chmod 0755 /tmp #rwx for user, rx for accumulation and others
To change add or abolish some permissions after overwriting all the absolute permissions, do:
chmod u+w readme # Add address permission for user
chmod +r readme # Add apprehend permission for everybody
chmod -r readme # Abolish apprehend permission for everybody
chmod u+x,g=r readme # Add beheading for user and set apprehend for group
chmod u=rwx,go=rx readme # Set apprehend address and beheading for user, apprehend and beheading for accumulation and others
To change in recursive mode, use the -R option.
chmod -R +x /sbin/
Description: Candidates should be able to ascendancy user and accumulation buying of files. This cold includes the adeptness to change the user and accumulation buyer of a book as able-bodied as the absence accumulation buyer for new files.
Key files terms and utilities include:
chmod
chown
chgrp
To change the buyer of a book or directory, use chown.
chown yann mon_fichier.txt
To change the accumulation of a book or directory, use chgrp.
chgrp dialout caller
The programs gpasswd and yast2 acquiesce you to administrate groups.
gpasswd group
:-A: Add users with accumulation ambassador privileges.
:-M: Add associates in group.
Group administrators can add or annul associates of the group
gpasswd -d toto users
gpasswd -a toto users
Group administrators can set or abolish the countersign for the group.
gpasswd users
gpasswd -r users
It is accessible to accord added privileges to an user if it executes a accurate Software or program by ambience the uid or gid bit of the file.
If the bit is set, the action will accede the permissions of the buyer of the book not the permissions of the user.
To set the able uid or gid, use chmod.
chmod 2640 # (2) gid is ancestral for group.
chmod 4640 # (4) uid is ancestral for user.
Example of such program is /bin/passwd.
The adhesive bit can aswell be set and can create the program argument articulation citizen in RAM.
chmod 1640 (1) The book program stays in RAM.
1) Address the command band by using belletrist with chmod to set the afterward permissions:
rwxrwxr-x :
rwxr--r-- :
r--r----- :
rwxr-xr-x :
rwxr-xr-x :
r-x--x--x :
-w-r----x :
-----xrwx :
2) Address the command band by using octal numbers with chmod to set the afterward permissions:
rwxrwxrwx :
--x--x--x :
r---w---x :
-w------- :
rw-r----- :
rwx--x--x :
3) With the afterward umask ethics what would be the files and directories conception permissions?
umask = 0027
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
umask = 0011
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
umask = 0541
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
umask = 0777
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
4) Make two user accounts
Logging in id: tst1, accumulation users, with back-bite shell, home agenda /home/tst1
Logging in id: tst2, accumulation public, with back-bite shell, home agenda /home/tst2
For the two accounts set a password.
Logging in as tst1 and archetype /bin/ls into tst1 home agenda as myls. Change the buyer of myls to tst1 and the permissions to 0710. What does this permission amount mean?
Logging in as tst2 and try to use /home/tst1/myls to account your accepted directory. Does it plan ?
Create in /etc/group and /etc/gshadow a new accumulation labo with tst1 and tst2. Change the buyer accumulation of myls to labo.
Try afresh from tst2 annual to assassinate /home/tst1/myls to account your accepted directory. Does it work?
Description: Candidates should be able to make and administer harder and allegorical links to a file. This cold includes the adeptness to make and analyze links, archetype files through links, and use affiliated files to abutment arrangement administering tasks.
Key files terms and utilities include:
ln
Use hotlink when:
You wish to make a pathname to a file.
Set a beneath or anchored pathname to a file.
To hotlink one book to another, use ln:
ln filename linkname
ln filename linkdirectory
Common options:
:-f force: beat absolute link
:-s allegorical link
The absence links are harder links (ln after an option).
On Windows theyre alleged shortcuts.
A harder hotlink can alone be created to an absolute book on the aforementioned concrete device, afterwards conception no arresting affiliation can be displayed amid a hotlink name and a book name.
A allegorical hotlink can be created on a book that doesn’t is yet, the affiliation amid the hotlink name and the book name can be beheld with the ls command.
The allegorical and harder hotlink can be displayed with ls -l.
Symbolic hotlink are adumbrated with an arrow: link_name->real_filename.
$ ls -l /dev/midi
lrwxrwxrwx 1 basis basis 6 Jul 4 21:50 /dev/midi -> midi00
Hard links are adumbrated with the amount of links adverse (3-1=2 in this case).
$ ls -l readme
-rwxrwxrwx 3 yann users 677 Jul 4 21:50 readme
When removing a hotlink name, use rm.
Only the hotlink will be removed not the affiliated file.
# Make a agenda etc and bin in your home directory.
# Archetype all the files in recursive approach from /etc to your etc agenda and do the aforementioned for /bin to bin.
# In your bounded etc agenda rename all files # Make in your home agenda a allegorical hotlink alarm dir that credibility to your bounded bin/ls. Analysis if dir do assassinate ls.
# Abolish the dir link. Is bin/ls still there?
Description: Candidates should be able to configure deejay partitions and then make filesystems on time dia-amp-graphics/media-management-list/' onMouseOver="tip('infobox1')" onMouseOut="untip()"> media such as harder disks. This cold includes using assorted mkfs commands to set up partitions to assorted filesystems, including ext2, ext3, reiserfs, vfat, and xfs.
Key files terms and utilities include:
fdisk
mkfs
Media can be disconnected into partitions.
Partitions are usually created at accession time but can aswell be created with the fdisk program or additional utilities.
This will bisect the media in partitions and altered filesystems can be congenital and altered operating systems can be installed.
IDE is accustomed as follows:
::/dev/hda : Abounding disk
::/dev/hda1: First partition
::/dev/hda2: Additional partition
SCSI is accustomed as follows:
::/dev/sda: Abounding disk
::/dev/sda1: First partition
USB and FireWire disks are accustomed as SCSI disks.
Once it is abstracted it is accessible to body a filesystem on every partition.
Filesystems is to acquiesce you to store, retrieve and dispense data on a media .
Filesystems advance an centralized data anatomy (meta-data) that keeps all you data organized and accessible.
The anatomy of this meta-data gives the appropriate of the filesystem.
A filesystem is accessed by a disciplinarian through the organized meta-data structure.
When Linux boots it reads in /etc/fstab all the filesystems that needs to be army and checks if they are in an accessible state.
When a ability abortion occurs Linux wont be able to unmout the filesystem appropriately and some data in the accumulation wont be synchronized on the media .
The meta-data may be corrupted.
Once you reboot the system, it will ascertain this and do a fsck to the abounding meta-data anatomy for a bendability check.
This can yield a actual continued time. Few account to few hours in admeasurement of the media size.
Journaling a filesystem is abacus a new data anatomy alleged a journal.
This account is on-disk and afore anniversary modification to the meta-data is create by the disciplinarian it is first accounting into the journal.
Before anniversary meta-data modification the account maintains a log of the next operation.
Now, if a ability abortion occurs there is alone the charge to analysis the journal.
A journaling filesystem accretion is actual fast. It just needs to go through the logs and fix the latest operation.
Journaling filesystem accretion can yield alone few seconds.
On a array systems, journaling allows to bound balance a aggregate allotment of a bulge that went down.
...
A Linux book arrangement has one top agenda alleged basis (/) area all sub directories of the absolute arrangement is stored.
The sub directories can be addition partition, a limited directory, or a limited allotment attainable through the arrangement with NFS protocol.
To make a book arrangement on a partition, use mkfs.
mkfs -t accessory
Common options:
:-t: fstype: Book arrangement type.
:-c : Analysis the accessory for bad blocks afore architecture the filesystem.
The abounding allotment will be ereased and organized to the blazon of filesystem requested. There is no disengage command.
The fstype accessible are:
msdos, ext2, ext3, reiserfs,minix,xfs
The blocksize allows to adapt the block admeasurement for your filesystem.
Examples:
mkfs -t msdos /dev/fd0
mkfs -t reiserfs /dev/hdd1 4096
To make a continued (ext2, ext3) filesystem on an partition, use mke2fs.
mke2fs accessory
Common options:
:-b: Specify the block sizefstype: Book arrangement type.
:-c : Analysis the accessory for bad blocks afore architecture the filesystem.
:-j: Make the filesystem with an ext3 journal.
:-L: Set the aggregate characterization for the filesystem.
With mke2fs it is accessible to abundance the super-block the account advice on addition device.
Examples:
mkefs -b 2048 /dev/fd0 -L floppy
mkfs -V
mke2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002) Using EXT2FS Library adaptation 1.263
To book the deejay usage, use du.
du
Common options:
:-a: All files not just directories
:-b: Book admeasurement in bytes
:-c: Total
:-h: Animal clear format. (1K, 20M,...)
Examples:
$ du -ch Documents
112k Documents/Cours/LPI101
4.0k Documents/Cours/LPI102
4.0k Documents/Cours/LPI201
4.0k Documents/Cours/LPI202
124k total
du -sk ~ # Sums up your absolute deejay acceptance in kilobytes
du -ak ~ | array -n added # Affectation every book and its deejay amplitude in after order.
A filesystem is composed of a meta-data anatomy additional a account of blocks.
To book the filesystem deejay amplitude usage, use df.
df
Common options:
:-a: All included filesystems with 0 blocks.
:-t: Absolute advertisement to a filesystem type.
:-h: Animal clear format. (1K, 20M,...)
Examples:
$ df -t reiserfs -h
F 1k-blocks Acclimated Accessible Use% Army on
/dev/hda3 28771528 3121536 25649992 11% /
$ df -t ext2 -h
Filesystem Admeasurement Acclimated Account Use% Army on
/dev/hda1 15M 3.8M 10M 27% /boot
Description: Candidates should be able to verify the candor of filesystems, adviser chargeless amplitude and inodes, and adjustment simple filesystem problems. This cold includes the commands appropriate to advance a accepted filesystem, as able-bodied as the added data associated with a journaling filesystem.
Key files terms and utilities include:
du
df
fsck
e2fsck
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs
To analysis filesystems consistency, use fsck.
fsck -t accessory
Common options:
:-A: Go through the /etc/fstab book and try to analysis all book systems. About acclimated at cossack time from a script.
:-t fslist: Specify the blazon of book arrangement to be checked. With -A, alone filesystems that bout fslist are checked
:-C: Affectation completion/progression bar.
Common fsck-options:
:-a: Automatically repair.
:-r: Interactively repair.
Examples:
fsck -t msdos /dev/fd0 -a
fsck -t reiserfs /dev/hda2 -r
To analysis continued filesystems consistency, use e2fsck.
e2fsck device
Common options:
:-b: Use an alternating cool block filename.
:-c: This advantage makes badblocks program to run and marks all the bad blocks.
:-f: Force blockage even if the filesystem seems clean.
:-a or -p: Automatically repair.
:-y: non-interactive mode
Examples:
e2fsck -ay /dev/fd0
e2fsck -f /dev/hda2
The debugfs program is an alternate book arrangement debugger. It can be acclimated to appraise and change the accompaniment of an ext2 book system.
debugfs device
Common commands:
:Help: Accord an advice on all the command available.
:Stats: Accord a statitstics of the media.
:Stat file: Accord a accomplishment of the book on the media.
:logdump: Dump the journals media into a file
Example:
carbon haut.gif
Inode: 14 Type: approved Mode: 0644 Flags: 0x0 Generation: 67558
User: 0 Group: 0 Size: 3786
Book ACL: 0 Agenda ACL: 0
Links: 1 Blockcount: 8
Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0
ctime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002
atime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002
mtime: 0x3ddf3840 -- Sat Nov 23 09:11:44 2002
BLOCKS:
(0-3):55-58
TOTAL: 4
To book the cool block and blocks accumulation advice of an continued filesystem, use dumpe2fs.
dumpe2fs device
Common options:
:-b: book the bad blocks of the filesystem.
:-h: Affectation alone the superblock information.
Example:
dumpe2fs -h /dev/fd0
dumpe2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002)
Filesystem aggregate name: floppy
Endure army on:
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 184
Block count: 1440
Aloof block count: 72
Chargeless blocks: 1258
Chargeless inodes: 168
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
...
To tune an continued filesystem, use tune2fs.
tune2fs accessory
Common options:
:-i#: Breach amid filesystem checks .
:-l: Account the capacity of the filesystem superblock.
:-L: Set the aggregate characterization of the filesystem.
Examples:
tune2fs -L billowing /dev/fd0
tune2fs -l /dev/fd0
(Same achievement as dumpe2fs -h /dev/fd0)
tune2fs 1.26 (3-Feb-2002)
Filesystem aggregate name: floppy
Block count: 1440
Aloof block count: 72
Chargeless blocks: 1258
Chargeless inodes: 168
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
...
# Body an ext2 book system, with a block admeasurement of 2048 bytes, on a floppy.
# Change the characterization of the billowing to BACKUP.
# Try to add a account on the billowing media.
# Use debugfs to validate your billowing book arrangement information, and analysis if it was endure accessed.
# Use watch to adviser the admeasurement if you archetype a big file.
# Make a carapace Software to account all files on the billowing bigger than 100 Kb.
# Affectation book arrangement acceptance for all MSDOS book systems.
# Which agenda Haveto is in / to authorize this OS as Linux?
# What is the book arrangement acceptance of /proc?
Description: Candidates should be able to configure the ascent of a filesystem. This cold includes the adeptness to manually arise and unmount filesystems, configure filesystem ascent on bootup, and configure user mountable removeable filesystems such as band drives, floppies, and CDs.
Key files terms and utilities include:
/etc/fstab
mount
umount
The arise command serves to attach the book arrangement begin on some accessory to the big book tree.
arise
arise accessory dir
If the accessory or agenda is listed in /etc/fstab you can use the following:
arise accessory | dir
Normally alone basis has the priviledge to arise accessories unless it is defined in the /etc/fstab file.
Examples:
# Book all the mouted filesystems (/etc/mtab).
mount
# Arise accessories or dirs listed in /etc/fstab.
arise -a
# Arise /dev/hdc allotment in apprehend alone approach after afterlight /etc/mtab.
arise -n -o ro /dev/hdc /mnt
# Acquiesce a user to arise the CDROM if the afterward band is in /etc/fstab:
# /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide
arise /media/cdrom
arise /dev/cdrom
# Accompany in realtime
arise -o accompany /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb
To abstract a filesystem from the book tree, use umount.
umount
umount accessory | dir
A active filesystem cannot be unmounted.
Examples:
umount -a # Unmount accessories or dirs listed in /etc/fstab.
umount /mnt # Unmount the filesystem absorbed to /mnt.
umount /media/cdrom # Acquiesce a user to unmount the CDROM if the afterward band is in /etc/fstab:
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide
The book /etc/fstab contains all the book sytems and accompanying advice that will be acclimated if accomplishing a arise -a. (Boot time)
The book /etc/mtab is maintained by the atom and keeps clue on what is or isnt mounted.
The /etc/fstab architecture is:
#Device Arise point Fs blazon Options 1 2
/dev/hda3 / reiserfs defaults 1 2
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom auto ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0
usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs noauto 0 0
/dev/hda2 bandy bandy pri=42 0 0
Common options:
:ro: apprehend only
:noauto: Dont arise automatically
:exec: Can assassinate bifold on the filesystem
:suid: Acquiesce to setuser bit
:user: Acquiesce a user to mount/unmount it
:unhide: hidden book visible
:async: All operations will be done asynchronously
:default: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async
# Make a band in /etc/fstab that allows any user to admission the billowing disk. Analysis that you can arise the billowing and can make a book with touch.
# Do the afterward manipulation:
#########
Description: Candidates should be able to administer deejay quotas for users. This cold includes ambience up a deejay allocation for a filesystem, editing, checking, and breeding user allocation reports.
Key files terms and utilities include:
quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon
On a system, basis can administer the useage of deejay amplitude per user and per filsystems.
The two banned that can be bureaucracy are:
The bendable absolute (soft =) specifies the best bulk of deejay acceptance a allocation user is accustomed to have.
The harder absolute (hard =) specifies the complete absolute on the deejay acceptance a allocation user deceit go above it.
There is aswell the achievability to bureaucracy a adroitness aeon that will accomplish the bendable absolute alone afterwards an bulk of time specified.
1) The keyword usrquota or/and grpquota haveto be added in book /etc/fstab for the allotment interested.
/dev/fd0 /home/yann/mnt auto rw,noauto,user,usrquota 0 0
/dev/hda5 /home ext2 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
2) Add in anniversary basis filesystems the book user.quota or/and group.quota.
blow /mnt/aquota.user
blow /home/aquota.user
blow /home/aquota.group
chmod 600 /mnt/aquota.user
chmod 600 /home/aquota.user
chmod 600 /home/aquota.group
Only basis can do the allocation administering and already the abandoned files accept been created some deejay allocation can be set such as:
3) Analysis the setting
quotacheck -v mnt
quotacheck: Scanning /dev/fd0 done
quotacheck: Arrested 6 directories and 1 files
4) Accredit allocation on the disk
quotaon -av
/dev/fd0 : user quotas angry on
5) Adapt the deejay allocation limits:
$ edquota -u yann
Deejay quotas for user yann (uid 500):
Filesystem locks bendable harder inodes bendable hard
/dev/fd0 15 0 0 4 0 0
$ edquota -g yann
$ edquota -t
Adroitness aeon afore administration bendable banned for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Filesystem Block adroitness aeon Inode adroitness period
/dev/fd0 7days 7days
To account quotas for an user or group, use quota.
allocation
Common options:
:-u:Default, book user quotas.
:-g:Print accumulation quotas for the accumulation of which the user is a member.
:-q: Book a added abrupt message, absolute alone advice on filesystems area acceptance is over quota.
Example:
allocation -u yann
To affectation a allocation report, use repquota.
repquota
Common options:
:-a: Address on all filesystems adumbrated in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas.
:-g: Address for group.
Example:
$ repquota /dev/fd0
Block adroitness time: 7days; Inode adroitness time: 7days
Block banned Book limits
User acclimated bendable harder adroitness acclimated bendable harder grace
----------------------------------------------------------------------
basis -- 8 0 0 2 0 0
yann -- 15 0 0 4 0 0
# Bureaucracy a bendable limitation for any users that accept their home agenda in /home to 500M.
# Change the adroitness time to 0.
# Log as the user and analysis if the limitation works.
Unix Book Security
File and Agenda Permissions
Default Permissions
Changing Book Permissions
Changing Book Buyer and Group
More Privileges
Unix book security
The better aegis problem may be you.
You own any agenda or files you created.
You are amenable for accessibility of your files.
You adjudge who can admission which files and directories.
In your home agenda you will be able to admission altered levels of permission to yourself, users in your accumulation and the all additional users.
The permission of a book or of a agenda can be beheld with ls -l.
Examples of book permissions:
ls -l readme
-rwxrw---- 1 toto users 14 Jul 5 10:00 readme
This agency read,write, and beheading permissions for user toto, apprehend and address permissions for associates of accumulation users. No permissions for others. (0760)
ls -l /etc/hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 basis basis 14 Jul 5 10:00 /etc/hosts
This agency apprehend and address permissions for user root, apprehend permissions for associates of accumulation basis and all others. (0644)
Examples of agenda permissions:
ls -ld /bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 basis basis 4096 Jul 5 10:00 /bin
This agency read,write, and beheading permissions for user root, apprehend and beheading permissions for associates of accumulation basis and others. (0755)
ls -l /home/toto
drwxr-xr-x 10 toto users 4096 Jul 5 1:00 /home/toto
This agency read, write, and beheading permissions for user toto, apprehend and beheading permissions for associates of accumulation users and others. (0755)
The absence permissions if creating a book are 0666 and if creating a agenda are 0777.
Most of the systems overwrite this at cossack time with the program umask.
Generally the affectation amount is 022. It agency the address for accumulation and additional will be blocked.
To analysis or change the affectation value, do:
umask
umask 066
Examples for file:
default: rw- rw- rw- (0666)
umask: 0 2 2 (0022) Block
result: rw- r-- r-- (0644)
Examples for directory:
default: rwx rwx rwx (0777)
umask: 0 2 2 (0022) Block
result: rwx r-x r-x (0755)
To change permissions on a book or directory, use chmod.
To overwrite the absolute permissions, do:
chmod 0755 /tmp #rwx for user, rx for accumulation and others
To change add or abolish some permissions after overwriting all the absolute permissions, do:
chmod u+w readme # Add address permission for user
chmod +r readme # Add apprehend permission for everybody
chmod -r readme # Abolish apprehend permission for everybody
chmod u+x,g=r readme # Add beheading for user and set apprehend for group
chmod u=rwx,go=rx readme # Set apprehend address and beheading for user, apprehend and beheading for accumulation and others
To change in recursive mode, use the -R option.
chmod -R +x /sbin/
Description: Candidates should be able to ascendancy user and accumulation buying of files. This cold includes the adeptness to change the user and accumulation buyer of a book as able-bodied as the absence accumulation buyer for new files.
Key files terms and utilities include:
chmod
chown
chgrp
To change the buyer of a book or directory, use chown.
chown yann mon_fichier.txt
To change the accumulation of a book or directory, use chgrp.
chgrp dialout caller
The programs gpasswd and yast2 acquiesce you to administrate groups.
gpasswd group
:-A: Add users with accumulation ambassador privileges.
:-M: Add associates in group.
Group administrators can add or annul associates of the group
gpasswd -d toto users
gpasswd -a toto users
Group administrators can set or abolish the countersign for the group.
gpasswd users
gpasswd -r users
It is accessible to accord added privileges to an user if it executes a accurate Software or program by ambience the uid or gid bit of the file.
If the bit is set, the action will accede the permissions of the buyer of the book not the permissions of the user.
To set the able uid or gid, use chmod.
chmod 2640 # (2) gid is ancestral for group.
chmod 4640 # (4) uid is ancestral for user.
Example of such program is /bin/passwd.
The adhesive bit can aswell be set and can create the program argument articulation citizen in RAM.
chmod 1640 (1) The book program stays in RAM.
1) Address the command band by using belletrist with chmod to set the afterward permissions:
rwxrwxr-x :
rwxr--r-- :
r--r----- :
rwxr-xr-x :
rwxr-xr-x :
r-x--x--x :
-w-r----x :
-----xrwx :
2) Address the command band by using octal numbers with chmod to set the afterward permissions:
rwxrwxrwx :
--x--x--x :
r---w---x :
-w------- :
rw-r----- :
rwx--x--x :
3) With the afterward umask ethics what would be the files and directories conception permissions?
umask = 0027
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
umask = 0011
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
umask = 0541
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
umask = 0777
Book permissions:
Agenda permissions:
4) Make two user accounts
Logging in id: tst1, accumulation users, with back-bite shell, home agenda /home/tst1
Logging in id: tst2, accumulation public, with back-bite shell, home agenda /home/tst2
For the two accounts set a password.
Logging in as tst1 and archetype /bin/ls into tst1 home agenda as myls. Change the buyer of myls to tst1 and the permissions to 0710. What does this permission amount mean?
Logging in as tst2 and try to use /home/tst1/myls to account your accepted directory. Does it plan ?
Create in /etc/group and /etc/gshadow a new accumulation labo with tst1 and tst2. Change the buyer accumulation of myls to labo.
Try afresh from tst2 annual to assassinate /home/tst1/myls to account your accepted directory. Does it work?
Description: Candidates should be able to make and administer harder and allegorical links to a file. This cold includes the adeptness to make and analyze links, archetype files through links, and use affiliated files to abutment arrangement administering tasks.
Key files terms and utilities include:
ln
Use hotlink when:
You wish to make a pathname to a file.
Set a beneath or anchored pathname to a file.
To hotlink one book to another, use ln:
ln filename linkname
ln filename linkdirectory
Common options:
:-f force: beat absolute link
:-s allegorical link
The absence links are harder links (ln after an option).
On Windows theyre alleged shortcuts.
A harder hotlink can alone be created to an absolute book on the aforementioned concrete device, afterwards conception no arresting affiliation can be displayed amid a hotlink name and a book name.
A allegorical hotlink can be created on a book that doesn’t is yet, the affiliation amid the hotlink name and the book name can be beheld with the ls command.
The allegorical and harder hotlink can be displayed with ls -l.
Symbolic hotlink are adumbrated with an arrow: link_name->real_filename.
$ ls -l /dev/midi
lrwxrwxrwx 1 basis basis 6 Jul 4 21:50 /dev/midi -> midi00
Hard links are adumbrated with the amount of links adverse (3-1=2 in this case).
$ ls -l readme
-rwxrwxrwx 3 yann users 677 Jul 4 21:50 readme
When removing a hotlink name, use rm.
Only the hotlink will be removed not the affiliated file.
# Make a agenda etc and bin in your home directory.
# Archetype all the files in recursive approach from /etc to your etc agenda and do the aforementioned for /bin to bin.
# In your bounded etc agenda rename all files # Make in your home agenda a allegorical hotlink alarm dir that credibility to your bounded bin/ls. Analysis if dir do assassinate ls.
# Abolish the dir link. Is bin/ls still there?
|
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